Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.

Life habit: lichenicolous, non-lichenized Thallus: lacking Ascomata: perithecioid pseudothecia, ostiolate, orbicular, immersed to sessile; external filaments: absent ascomatal wall: black to brown or olivaceous hamathecium: paraphysoids: absent at least in mature ascomata; periphyses: present; interascal gel: hemiamyloid asci: Verrucaria-type, with hemiamyloid periascal gel, 4-8-spored ascospores: pale to dark brown, aseptate or 1-septate with transverse septum, euseptate, constricted or not at septum, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, elongate fusiform, ovoid or slightly curved, obtuse or aciculate; wall: thin or thick, smooth or ornamented, without thickened endospore Conidiomata: pycnidial, immersed; conidiogenous cells: terminal conidia: microconidial, hyaline, simple, bacilliform Geography: Europe, Australasia (New Guinea, New Zealand), and North America Substrate: thallus or rarely apothecia of lichens.