Assessed as Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i), ver 3.1; date assessed: February 1, 2021

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ASSESSMENT JUSTIFICATION [criteria: B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i)]

This species has an area of occupancy in the range of 164-400 km2, a severely fragmented population estimated to comprise fewer than 500 mature individuals (196-410 mature individuals; maximum subpopulation size comprised of 50 mature individuals), and there are continuing declines in EOO, AOO, number of locations, number of mature individuals and habitat quality inferred or observed across its range. Past and ongoing declines are due largely to logging, development, air pollution, and climate change. These factors likely disproportionately impacted historical occurrences in the Appalachian foothills and adjacent Piedmont, where the species is known from few occurrences. Tentatively, the higher estimate for the area of occupancy is used here, as this incorporates additional potential sites that have so far been unsampled. Thus, it is listed as Endangered under criterion B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v) and C2a(i).

Assessor/s: Lendemer, J. ; Reviewer/s: Allen, J.

Bibliography:

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IUCN (2021) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 04 September 2021).

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Lendemer, J.C., Harris, R.C. and Tripp, E.A. (2013) The Lichens and Allied Fungi of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York.

Martinuzzi S., Withey J.C., Pidgeon A.M., Plantinga, A.J., McKerrow, A.J., Williams, S.G., Helmers, D.P. and Radeloff, V.C. (2015) Future land-use scenarios and the loss of wildlife habitats in the southeastern United States. Ecological Applications 25(1): 160-171.

Yarnell, S.L. (1998) The Southern Appalachians: A History of the Landscape. General Technical Report, Southern Research Station (SRS-18). U.S. Department of Agriculture; Forest Service (USDA-FS), Asheville, NC.

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