Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 1.

Thallus: adnate to loosely adnate, foliose, 6-15 cm in diam., often fusing to cover large areas, irregularly lobate lobes: sublinear to irregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 3-8 mm wide; apices: subrotund, crenate, eciliate upper surface: yellow-green, smooth but becoming rugose with age, dull to somewhat shiny, epruinose and emaculate pustulae: abundant, laminal crateriform, isidioid, breaking open apically but not sorediate; true isidia and soredia absent medulla: white with continuous algal layer lower surface: black centrally and toward margin, narrow brown zone peripherally, smooth to papillate; rhizines: sparse to moderately abundant, black, simple Apothecia: rare, laminal on thallus, sessile, 1-4 mm wide; disc: brown; margin: pustulate, pruina and soredia absent asci: clavate, 8-spored ascospores: simple, ellipsoid, hyaline, 13-15 x 6-7 µm Spot tests: upper cortex K-, C-, KC+ yellow, P-; medulla K-, C+ red, KC+ red, P+ red Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with usnic acid; medulla with protocetraric acid (major) and gyrophoric acid (minor to accessory). Substrate and ecology: commonly on acidic rock, rarely tree bases World distribution: eastern and SW North America Sonoran distribution: central Arizona south along the Sierra Madre Occidental, Southern California and Baja California.

Assessed as Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1

Find out more about the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria here.