Allen, J., Yahr, R., Lymbery, C., Batallas-Molina, R., Bungartz, F., Dal Forno, M., Howe, N., Lendemer, J., McMullin, T., Mertens, A., Petix, M., Reese Næsborg, R., Roberts, F., Sharrett, S. & Villella, J. 2021. Canoparmelia caroliniana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021

Assessed as Least Concern (LC), ver 3.1

Find out more about the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria here.

Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 1.

Thallus: adnate, foliose, 4-10 cm in diam., irregularly lobate lobes: subirregular, elongate, plane to subconvex, separate, 2-5 mm wide; apices: rotund, eciliate upper surface: pale gray, smooth to rugose, dull, pruinose at lobe tips and strongly reticulately white maculate, finely cracked, isidiate isidia: common, dense, laminal, cylindrical, simple to coralloid; soredia and pustulae absent medulla: white with continuous algal layer lower surface: black to rarely dark brown; rhizines: sparse to moderately dense (except margin), black, simple Apothecia: rare, laminal on thallus, substipitate, 1-4 mm wide; disc: red brown to dark brown, margin usually isidiate ascospores: ellipsoid, 13-15 x 6-8 micro meter Pycnidia: not seen Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC+ pale pink, P- Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with perlatoic acid (major) and unknown acids (trace). Substrate and ecology: often on pines in montane, open pine-oak woods, rarely on rocks World distribution: pantropics and extending into adjacent temperate areas of SE USA and southern Europe Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa, in the Sierra Madre Occidental.