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TYPE. UNITED STATES. North Carolina, Brunswick County, Shallotte, W.L. Culberson 9010 (DUKE, holotype; FH, NY, US, isotypes).

Description. Life form: lichenized fungus.

Thallus foliose, small, 1-4 cm diam.; lobes narrow, angular, appressed, 1-2 mm wide, dichotomously branched, cilate. Marginal cilia short, stiff, with bulblike expansion at base. Upper surface ashy white or lightly tinged with brown, smooth or slightly wrinkled. Vegetative diaspores absent. Lower surface black, brown toward margins; rhizines abundant, black, simple or forked. Thallus stratified: upper cortex 6-16 μm thick; medulla 51-87 μm; lower cortex 9-13 μm thick. Photobiont trebouxioid green alga. Ascomata lecanorine apothecia, abundant, cup-shaped to flat, constricted at base, 1-3.5 mm diam.; disk brown. Asci 8-spored; ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 3-5 x 5-8 μm. Pycnidia scattered on lobes, immersed, 96-99 μm diam., black; conidia cylindrical, ~6 μm long.

Chemistry. Cortex K+ yellow, C-, PD- (atronorin); medulla K-, KC+ red, C+ red, PD- (lecanoric acid).

Substrate and Habitat. Corticolous on hardwood trees.

Distribution. Coastal Plain of eastern North America from Alabama to North Carolina; in North Carolina found in the Coastal Plain ecoregion.

Literature

Brodo, I.M., S. Duran Sharnoff & S. Sharnoff. (2001) Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. 795 pp.

Culberson, W.L. (1961) The Parmelia quercina group in North America. American Journal of Botany 48(2): 168-174 (original description as Parmelia confoederata).

Hale, M.E., Jr (1974) Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina, and Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae. Phytologia 28: 479-490.