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Family: Physciaceae
[Psoroma ascociscana Tuck., moreRinodina subsophodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr.] |
MB#404220 Basionym. Psoroma ascociscana Tuck., Amer. J. Arts & Sci., ser. 2, 25: 424 (1858). - TYPE U.S.A. [NEW HAMPSHIRE. Grafton Co.,] very common on trunks in the White Mountains, 1843, E. Tuckerman s.n. (FH ‑ lectotype here designated!, COLO, FH, UC, US ‑ isolectotypes!); MASSACHUSETTS. [Hampshire Co., Amherst,] 1856, E. Tuckerman s.n. (FH ‑ syntype!). Rinodina subsophodes (Nyl. ex Lindsay) A. Zahlbr., Lich. Univers. 7: 555 (1931). Exsiccatae. Macoun Can. Lich. 234 (NY, US); Reliq. Tuck. 86 (ASU, WIS). Description. Thallus quickly becoming thick, typically ochraceous to brownish, sometimes dark grey, at first with isolated areoles coalescing to form continuous, loosely attached thallus, subsquamulose in well developed thalli; surface plane and shining; margin determinate or indeterminate; prothallus rarely present, light or dark brown, entire; vegetative propagules absent. Apothecia narrowly attached, frequent, scattered, sometimes becoming contiguous, to (0.35‑)0.50-1.00 mm in diam.; disc a shade of brown, persistently plane; thalline margin concolourous with thallus, entire, often radially cracked, sometimes becoming flexuose, persistent, (0.05‑)0.10-0.15 mm wide; excipular ring usually present, confluent, slightly darker than thalline margin. Apothecial Anatomy. Thalline exciple concolourous with thallus, 45‑90(-120) µm wide laterally; cortex intricate to cellular, 10‑15 µm wide; epinecral layer 10‑20 µm wide; crystals absent in cortex and medulla; cortical cells to 3.5-5.0 µm wide, pigmented or not; algal cells to 9.0-15.0 µm long; thalline exciple (30‑)45-110 µm below; cortex not, or hardly expanded, 10-20 µm wide; proper exciple hyaline, 15‑20(-30) µm wide laterally, expanding to (30‑)40-70 µm above; hypothecium hyaline 40‑95 µm deep; hymenium not inspersed, 110‑140 µm high; paraphyses 2.0-2.5 µm wide, conglutinate, particularly in epihymenium, apices expanded to 3.0‑5.5 µm, lightly pigmented and immersed in dispersed pigment forming a red‑brown epihymenium; asci 70‑115 x 22‑35 µm. Ascospores 8/ascus, Type A development, Physcia‑type (Figure 13), (22.5-)30.0-32.0(-39.5) x (10.5-)13.5-14.5(-17.0) µm, average l/b ratio 2.1-2.4, mature spores often curved and/or slightly constricted at septum, older spores may be slightly mucronate, lumina canals quickly becoming excluded, most spores retaining slightly thickened apical walls; torus absent or narrow; walls very lightly ornamented (x1250), not evident when walls become darkly pigmented. Pycnidia ostiole margin slightly raised above thallus and more darkly pigmented than apothecial initials; conidiophores unbranched, type V; conidia bacilliform, 3.5-4.5 x 1.0-1.5 µm. Chemistry. Reactions all negative; secondary metabolites not detected. Substrate and Ecology. Corticolous, sometimes over mosses on bark, rarely saxicolous. Rinodina ascociscana is probably most frequent on Acer saccharum. It also has been collected on Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Q. velutina, Tilia americanum, Thuja occidentalis and on Ulmus. Its highest recorded elevation is 1,220 m, in West Virginia. Distribution. The species is endemic species to North America, is relatively frequent and possesses a classic Great Lakes-Appalachian distribution (Figure 14). The northern outlier on the southwest coast of Hudson Bay mapped by Brodo et al. (2001) is now identified as R. austroborealis. Notes. Rinodina ascociscana is well characterized by its large, narrowly attached apothecia, large Physcia‑type spores and the continuous thallus possessing an epinecral layer which gives the thallus a shining or waxy appearance. Paraphyses are often highly conglutinate and the resulting hymenial gelatinization may be associated with eroded discs due to invertebrate grazing. These readily distinguished characters result in the species being one of the most easily recognized of the genus in North America. Thallus morphology may resemble that of R. dolichospora although this species has a lighter grey colour and is well separated by its shorter and more broadly ellipsoid, Pachysporaria-type I spores and southern distribution. The spores are characterized as belonging to the Physcia-type as the majority of specimens retain slightly thickened apical walls. However, a minority have thin apical walls and are clearly Physconia-like. This is the first of a number of species which indicate a continuous transition between Physcia- and Physconia-type spores, a continuity that is emphasized by the presence of Physcia-type lumina during the development stages in all species with Physconia-type spores at maturity. The usually well developed thallus is often characterized by being rather loosely attached to the substrate, leading to it becoming raised and having a subsquamulose appearance. The loose attachment may be associated with the production of basal hyphae which are sometimes visible underneath the raised margins. There is no tendency for these hyphae to be aggregated into rhizoids. The resulting cavity between the substrate and the thallus is sometimes invaded by Cyanobacteria which may enhance growth by providing a nitrogen source (Poelt & Mayrhofer 1988). There is some indication of seasonality in the production of spores since some thalli possess apothecia lacking mature spores. Other thalli have been observed with only overmature spores or with a few overmature spores and many asci with immature spores. Nylander's publication of the name Lecanora subsophodes predates Tuckerman's name Psoroma ascociscana but is not accompanied by a description and must therefore be rejected. The publication by Lindsay is taken to be the first valid description under this name since it includes an illustration of the spores. The type locality of R. subsophodes is unknown but a note, "Franklin's first journey", attached to the paratype (BM) is almost certainly an error. This expedition proceeded to the arctic coast by way of York Factory, Manitoba on Hudson Bay, to Lake Winnipeg and thence up the Saskatchewan River to Cumberland House (Franklin 1823). These southernmost points of the journey are beyond the range of R. ascociscana and it is therefore improbable that the specimen was collected on this expedition. In contrast, part of the second expedition, including Franklin and the naturalist Richardson, started from New York. They traveled overland to Niagara Falls and on to Fort William and Cumberland House by water (Franklin 1828). It is therefore more probable that the specimen was collected during the first part of this journey since upper New York state is in the centre of its latitudinal distribution. The only other large spored corticolous species that occurs along the northerly route of the first journey is R. austroborealis and it is found in the vicinity of York Factory. However, the brownish colour, continuous nature of the thallus, and very large spores averaging 36.5 µm long, of the rather meagre type of R. subsophodes, leave no doubt that it belongs to R. ascociscana rather than R. austroborealis. Specimens examined. CANADA. NEW BRUNSWICK. Charlotte Co., Campobello Island, 1902 (FH); Albert Co., Fundy Nat. Park, S. Gowan 2262, 2516, 2253; S. Gowan 4577 (CANL). ONTARIO. Carleton Co., Ottawa, 1892, J. Macoun (US); Billings Bridge, 1897, J. Macoun (CANL); Ottawa, 1891, J. Macoun (NY, US); 1892, J. Macoun (CANL, PH); 1897, J. Macoun (FH); 1904, J. Macoun (BM, FH); Hastings Co., Belleville, 1879, J. Macoun (CANL); 1880, J. Macoun (FH); Lennox Co., Bon Echo Prov. Park, I.M. Brodo 27575 (CANL); Middlesex Co., London, A.T. Drummond 42 (FH); Renfrew Co., Centennial Lake, P.Y. Wong 3973; Lake Dore, I.M. Brodo 20571A; Nipissing District, Algonquin Prov. Park, H.A. Imshaug 27207; G. Thorn (all CANL); Jack Lake, H.A. Imshaug 26801 (MSC). QUEBEC. Lac Claire, D. Bastien 893a; Gatineau Co., Aylmer, I.M. Brodo 29779; Les Collines-de-l’Outaouais Co., Luskville, I.M. Brodo 19071; Les Haute-Saint-Francois, Maple Leaf, 1976, B. Kantrud (all CANL); Memphrémagog Co., Lake Memphrémagog, H. Willey (US). NOVA SCOTIA. Colchester Co., Economy River Wilderness, vicinity of Economy Falls, Normore 3253 (WIN). U.S.A. CONNECTICUT. Litchfield Co., Aton Forest, M.E. Hale 77. ILLINOIS. 1876, E. Hall; Fulton Co., Canton, J. Wolf (all US); MAINE. Aroostook Co., Portage, L.W. Riddle 196 (FH); Flag Property, E. Lay 96‑0835 (personal herb.); Hancock Co., Mount Desert Island, T.J. Sullivan 2516a, 3619,3677 (MIN); Piscataquic Co., Togue Pond Campsite, 1939, G. Degelius (MIN); Mt. Katahdin, 1939, G. Degelius (US). MARYLAND. Frederick Co., Frederick City, A.C. Skorepa 11042 (BALT). MASSACHUSETTS. Hampshire Co., Amherst, 1856, E. Tuckerman; Berkshire Co., Lanesboro, L.W. Riddle 678 (both FH); Bristol Co., New Bedford, H. Willey; 1881; 1884, H. Willey; Norfolk Co., Weymouth, H. Willey (all US); Worcester Co., Princeton, P. May 3374 (personal herb.). MICHIGAN. Alger Co., Beaver Lake, C.M. Wetmore 59362; Grand Sable Lake, C.M. Wetmore 58942 (both MIN); Shingleton, 1968, H.R. Hinds (SASK); Cheboygan Co., W Burt Lake, R.C. Harris 8989 (UMBS); Chippewa Co., Tahquamenon Falls, 1966, H.R. Hinds (WIS); Crawford Co., Hartwick Pines, H.A. Imshaug, 21359; Dickinson Co., NNW Ralph, R.C. Harris 7585 (both MSC); Houghton Co., 4.5 mi SE Calumet, F.H. Erbisch 2005 (MIN); Luce Co., Upper Tahquamenon Falls, H.A. Imshaug 19875 (MSC); 12 mi W Paradise, B.C. Tan 79271 (CANL); Mackinac Co., Cut River Bridge, 1977, J. Hafellner (GZU); R.C. Harris 12586 (UMBS); Newaygo Co., ENE White Cloud, R.C. Harris 8170; Ontonagon Co., Mirror Lake, H.A. Imshaug 20609 (both MSC). NEW HAMPSHIRE. Carroll Co., Chocorua, 1910; Cheshire Co., Jaffrey, 1917, L.W. Riddle; Coos Co., Randolph, H. Willey; Shelburne, 1894 (all FH); Grafton Co., White Mountains, H.W. Ravenel (BM); 1843, E. Tuckerman (ASU, COLO, FH, UC, US); Merrimack Co., Sutton, L.W. Riddle 1412 (FH). NEW YORK. Toronto Falls, 1872, H. Willey (US); Cortland Co., Homer, 1885, J.W. Eckfeldt [H.A. Green] (PH); Erie Co., Buffalo, M.L. Wilson (US); Hamilton Co., Raquette Lake, I.M. Brodo 25937 (CANL); Ulster Co., Doubletop Mountain, 1937, G.G. Nearing (NY). NORTH CAROLINA. Yancey Co., 16 mi NE Asheville, J.W. Sheard 1493E (CANL). TENNESSEE. Sevier Co., Alum Cave, 1939, G. Degelius (UPS, US). VERMONT. Bennington Co., 1 mi E Prospect Rock, C.M. Wetmore 72957 (MIN); Chittenden Co., C.G. Pringle 21034 (COLO); Charlotte, 1878, C.J. Sprague; Mount Mansfield, C.G. Pringle 644; Lamoille Co., Cambridge, D.L. Dutton 1721 (UPS); Rutland Co., Brandon, 1914, D.L. Dutton; D.L. Dutton 2337 (all FH); Windham Co., Brattleboro (US); 1851, C.C. Frost; Russell (both FH); Windsor Co., Rochester, D.L. Dutton 794 (ABSL, FH, US); 1914, D.L. Dutton (WIS); D.L. Dutton 865, 917 (FH). VIRGINIA. Madison Co., Big Meadows, I.M. Brodo 9505 (CANL); Page Co., S Thornton Gap, 1977, J. Hafellner (GZU); Smyth Co., White Top Mountain, M.E. Hale 18649 (US). WEST VIRGINIA. Pocohontas Co., Black Mountain, T.D. Trana 9008 (MIN). WISCONSIN. Ashland Co., Copper Falls Park, B. Denison 859 (CANL); Manitou Island, C.M. Wetmore 60303; Morgan Falls, C.M. Wetmore 86861; Oak Island, C.M. Wetmore 86758 ; Outer Island, C.M. Wetmore 60873 (all MIN); Stockton Islands, J.W. Thomson 19248 (WIS); Bayfield Co., Drummond, 1896, L.S. Cheney (WIS); Rainbow Lake Wild, C.M. Wetmore 70669, 71420, 71567 (MIN); Forest Co., N Popple River, 1968, J.A. Jesberger (WIS); J.A. Jesberger 460, 466, 467 (SASK); Wabicon Lake, J.W. Thomson 3261 (MIN); Oneida Co., Patterson Hemlock, E. Lay 02‑070 (personal herb.); Rusk Co., Wilson Township, W.L. Culberson, 3004 (DUKE, UPS, US). Selected References. Harris (1977 Fig. 155), Brodo (1988), Wong & Brodo (1992), Brodo et al. (2001 p. 646), Thomson (2003). |
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