Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 1.
Life habit: lichenized Thallus: crustose, effuse rarely pulvinate, coherent rarely incoherent, usually tomentose rarely dense or byssoid, usually homoiomerous but rarely heteromerous surface: white to creamy-white to white-brownish; smooth to slightly verrucose or rugose, epruinose or slightly pruinose; prothallus: usually brown when free-growing; soredia: absent cortex: usually present but sometimes absent, 10-25 µm thick with hyphae interwoven medulla: usually indistinct, rarely present and then white to dirty white photobionts: primary one a Trentepohlia, secondary photobiont absent Ascomata: stromatoid (pseudomonocarpocentral), synascomatal, but when young solitary and apothecioid, circular to elongated in outline, more or less elevated often with constricted base, (0.5-) 1-2 (-3) mm diam; usually with 5-15 discs within the ascomata; disc: circular to elongated, c. 0.1-0.5 mm diam., exposed, pruinose, tomentum often present; exciple: cortex rarely developed, algae often present; proper exciple: parathecial; epithecium: brown or brownish, branched or richly branched hyphae; hymenium: with paraphysoids parallel, sparsely branched, hyaline, 1 µm diam.; hypothecium: dark-brown (carbonaceous), usually extending down to substrate ascospores: fusiform, rarely linear fusiform, curved sometimes nearly straight, 3-septate, hyaline Conidiomata: pycnidial, solitary, elevated or immersed, dark-brown conidia: filiform, curved to semi-circled, hyaline Secondary metabolites: orcinol depsides, beta-orcinol depsides, aliphatic acids and dibenzofurans Geography: predominately tropical and subtropical regions of Latin America, including the West Indies and adjacent Central America and northwestern South America and a second area in the Brazilian Highlands of Minas Gerais and São Paulo Substrate: usually on bark (rarely within bark - endophloeodal), also rarely on rock.