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Family: Physciaceae
[Berengeria turfacea (Wahlenb.) Trevis., moreLecanora sophodes var. cinereovirens Vain., Lecanora sophodes var. turfacea (Wahlenb.) Link, Lecanora turfacea (Wahlenb.) Ach., Lichen turfaceus Wahlenb., Pachysporaria turfacea (Wahlenb.) M. Choisy, Parmelia sophodes f. turfacea (Wahlenb.) Fr., Parmelia sophodes var. turfacea (Wahlenb.) Fr., Parmelia turfacea (Wahlenb.) Spreng., Psora turfacea (Wahlenb.) Hepp, Rinodina archaea var. cinereovirens (Vain.) Vain., Rinodina laevigata var. cinereovirens (Vain.) Malme, Rinodina sophodes f. cinereovirens (Vain.) Blomb. & Forssell, Rinodina sophodes var. cinereovirens (Vain.) Vain., Rinodina turfacea var. cinereovirens (Vain.) H. Mayrhofer] |
MB#404546 Basionym. Lichen turfaceus Wahlenb., Flora Lappon.: 408 (1812). Rinodina succedens (Nyl.) Arnold, Flora 64: 20 (1881). Rinodina turfacea var. cinereovirens (Vain.) H. Mayrhofer. Rinodina turfacea var. depauperata (Th. Fr.) H. Magn., Acta Horti Gotob. 17: 262 (1947). Basionym. Rinodina turfacea f. depauperata Th. Fr., Lich. Arct.: 26 (1861) - Type. NORWAY. [TROMS.] Tromsö. Flöjfjeld, 1857, Th. Fries s.n. on moss (UPS ‑ holotype!). Exsiccatae. Weber Lich. Exs. COLO 292 (COLO, MIN, WIS); Hepp Flechten Eur. 84 (BM, NY as Psora turfacea $ pachnea); Hepp Flechten Eur. 85 (BM, NY as Psora turfacea $ microcarpa); Magnusson Lich. Sel. Scand. Exs. 85 (BM as f. ecrustacea); Nylander & Norrlin Herb. Lich Fenn. 560 (BM, WIS as R. cinereovirens); Räsänen Lichenotec. Fenn. Exs. 566 (BM as R. cinereovirens), Räsäanen Lich. Fenn. 608, 923 (BM as R. albana and R. exigua). Description. Thallus thin or thick, brownish-grey, ochraceous to copper‑brown, continuous, or of discrete, convex areoles, to ca. 0.30 mm wide; surface plane or rugose, matt or shining; margin determinate or indeterminate; prothallus lacking; vegetative propagules absent. Apothecia narrowly attached, frequent, often becoming contiguous and sometimes becoming angular by compression, narrowly attached when mature, to 0.60‑1.55 mm in diam.; disc sometimes dark brown when young, mostly black, very rarely orange pruinose, typically plane, sometimes concave or more rarely slightly convex; thalline margin concolourous with thallus, 0.05‑0.10 mm wide, entire, persistent; excipular ring absent. Apothecial Anatomy. Thalline exciple 45‑100 µm wide laterally; cortex 5‑10 µm wide laterally; epinecral layer sometimes present, 5‑15 µm wide; crystals typically absent in cortex, present in medulla; cortical cells to 4.0‑7.5 µm wide, usually pigmented; algal cells to 9.0‑16.0 µm long; thalline exciple 70‑150 µm deep below; cortex expanded to 30‑95 µm, often irregularly developed and consisting of hyaline, columnar hyphae, I+ blue; proper exciple 5‑10 µm wide laterally, expanding to 20‑50 µm above, hyaline or more usually light brown; hypothecium colourless, 15‑50 µm deep; hymenium 90‑140 µm high, not inspersed; paraphyses 2.0‑3.5 µm wide, not conglutinate, with apices to 3.5‑5.5 µm wide, immersed in diffuse pigment forming a red‑brown epihymenium; asci 70‑95 x 18‑29 µm. Ascospores 8/ascus, developmental type A, Physcia‑type, (22.0-)27.5-29.5(-35.0) x (10.5-)12.5‑13.5(-15.5) µm, l/b ratio 2.1-2.3, lightly pigmented bands frequently around cells of mature spores, lumina angular, becoming somewhat inflated past maturity but apical walls remaining thick; torus well developed; walls very faint ornamentation occasionally observed. Pycnidia not seen. Chemistry. Spot tests all negative, or rarely K+ yellow; medulla UV(lw)+ blue-white; secondary metabolites, atranorin (trace) in cortex on wood only, sphaerophorin, isosphaeric and variolaric acids (trace) in medulla. Substrate and Ecology. On decaying vegetation and moss on the ground, driftwood, rabbit dung, bone or rarely corticolous on Alnus, Betula nana, Dryas, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Populus balsamifera and Salix. The species has been collected with R. conradii, R. metaboliza, R. mniaraea, R. olivaceobrunnea, R. roscida, R. sibirica and R. terrestris. Distribution. Common in the arctic, occurring southwards in the Rocky Mountains to Montana and Wyoming, and again in Colorado. In the east of the continent it was formerly found in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. It is absent from the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges. The species occasionally extends into the boreal zone (Manitoba, Normore 3573, WIN). Rinodina turfacea has a widespread oro-arctic distribution in northern hemisphere but is absent from Antarctica (Mayrhofer & Moberg 2002). Notes. Rinodina turfacea is well characterized by its habitat, large apothecia with concave or plane discs, persistent thalline margins containing crystals of sphaerophorin, and an expanded lower cortex of columnar hyphae staining I+ blue. The large Physcia-type spores invite comparison with R. mniaraea, also found in oro-arctic habitats, but in that species the discs become convex and the margin excluded. Rinodina mniaraea also lacks sphaerophorin and a columnar lower cortex. Rinodina roscida is less common in similar habitats and is characterized by its pruinose discs, light coloured thallus, lack of sphaerophorin and it possesses a lower cortex of intricate rather than columnar hyphae. Rinodina turfacea is often accompanied by R. olivaceobrunnea, a species with much smaller apothecia and Physcia-type spores averaging <25 µm in length. Mayrhofer and Moberg (2002) recognize three varieties, the type variety being muscicolous or occurring on decaying plants on the ground. The var. cinereovirens (Vain.) H. Mayrhofer is characterized by a whitish grey thallus and its corticolous substrate being found mostly on deciduous trees. The var. ecrustacea (Vain.) H. Olivier is reported to have smaller spores, an inconspicuous thallus, small, scattered apothecia and grows on wood. Lignicolous material in subarctic and arctic North America seems to intergrade with muscicolous specimens. The spores are not significantly smaller than the type variety. I have not been able to find any characters which satisfactorily separate plants growing on the different substrates although lignicolous specimens may often develop more flexuose apothecia margins, perhaps because the apothecia are less frequently contiguous. The closest relative of R. turfacea may be R. badiexcipula, a corticolous species from California and southern Oregon, that possesses similar large, Physcia-type spores, a columnar, I+ blue apothecial lower cortex, and sphaerophorin. The very rare occurrence of orange disc pruina, reported here for the first time in R. turfacea, further strengthens this relationship. The more prominent apothecial margins, more broadly and bluntly ellipsoid spores, and subtle differences of spore development (Sheard and Mayrhofer 2002) in R. badiexcipula, nevertheless, indicates that the two species are distinct. Two blastidiate species, R. turfaceoides from Portugal and R. disjuncta from oceanic western North America and Norway, are probably also related as discussed by Giralt et al. (2001). The corticolous R. austroborealis is superficially similar but is well separated by its Physconia-type spores with ornamented walls, lack of sphaerophorin and the intricate structure in the lower apothecial cortex. Frequent on Populus species, it has a southern boreal distribution and was recorded from the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin as R. turfacea (Wetmore 1990, Thomson 2003). Specimens examined (on decaying vegetabilia). CANADA. ALBERTA. opposite Angel Glacier, H.A. Imshaug 7031b (MSC); Plateau Mountain, C.M. Wetmore 18661 (CANL, MIN, MSC); C.D. Bird 22877, 28739; Snow Creek Valley, K. Beder 16, 21, 2101 (all PMAE); Whistlers Mountain, G.W. Scotter 7791. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Kutcho Creek, R. Rosie 484; Robb Lake, I.M. Brodo 22094 (all CANL); Trophy Mountain, R. Rosentreter 8764 (personal herb.). MANITOBA. Churchill, J.W. Thomson 3623 (WIS); 1977, I.M. Brodo (CANL); Payuk Lake Road, M. Normore 3573; Wapusk Nat. Park, M. Normore 2018; 5 km N Nestor Island, M. Normore 4732, 4733 (all WIN). NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. Anderson River, G.W. Scotter 5622, 5672 (CANL), 5716 (CANL, H); Artillery Lake, J.W. Thomson 11324 (WIS); Bluenose Lake, G.W. Scotter 92687; Canoe Lake, J.W. Thomson 15729 (both WIS); Cape Bathurst, 1975, T. Hutchinson (CANL); Eskimo Lakes, G.W. Scotter 8747b (H); Fort Reliance, J.W. Thomson 12125; Great Bear Lake, W.C. Steere 10188; Great Slave Lake, J.W. Thomson 11011; S Hearne Lake, G.W. Scotter 1495a (all WIS); Hooper Island, G.W. Scotter 8404 (CANL, H), 8412b (H); Inuvik, 1964, J.D. Lambert (CANL); McConnell Range, C.D. Bird 26785 (PMAE); Meat Cache Lake, J.D. Lambert 41 (WIS); 55 mi SSW Norman Wells, C.D. Bird 26650 (PMAE); Reindeer Station, G.W. Scotter 5922 (CANL), 5979b (H); J.W. Thomson 15502, 15528; Tigonankweine Range, G.W. Scotter 16110 (all WIS); Tuktoyaktuk, G.W. Scotter 6362b (H); Ya Ya Lake, G.W. Scotter 8382b (H); Van Hauen Pass, Ellesmere Island, R.E. Longton 1592 (CANL), 1710, 1711. NUNAVUT. Ellesmere Island, Alert, R.M. Schuster 35373a (WIS); Cape Herschel, J. Bridgland 858b; E coast Cape Herschel, J. Bridgland 413 (both CANL); Apex, Baffin Island, J.W. Thomson 13292; Axel Heiberg Island, G.W. Scotter 46068 (both WIS); Banks Island, G.W. Scotter 18575 (CANL); Barnes Ice Cap, M.E. Hale 747 (CANL, WIS); Bathurst Island, 1963, W. Blake (CANL); Bathurst Inlet, G.W. Scotter 33615 (WIS); Bernard Harbour, 1916, F. Johansen (FH); Bylot Island, 1982, G.W. Scotter, 68254 (WIS); Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island, W.A. Weber 27789 (COLO); Clyde Fjord, Baffin Island, M.E. Hale 321 (CANL, COLO, MIN, US, WIS); Coral Harbor, Southampton Island, W.A. Weber 23725 (COLO); Devon Island, Truelove Lowlands, 1970, P. Barrett (CANL), 606, 1069 (WIS); Dubwant Lake, J.W. Thomson 14050 (CANL, MIN); S end Dubwant Lake, J.W. Thomson 14050 (WIS); Ellef Ringnes Island, 2005, N. Mateeva (Zhurbenko et al.); Ellesmere Island, R.M. Schuster 35189b (CANL); Ennadai Lake, J.W. Thomson 19111 (WIS); Escape Rapids, W.A. Gould 735a (MIN); Falkenberg, 1901, Simmons (BM); 1 km W Hood River, W.A. Gould 2026c (MIN); Kaminak Lake, J.M. Gillett 16214a; Mackenzie King Island, 1958, R. Thorsteinsson; Meighen Island, 1968, M. Kuc (all CANL); Murray Inlet, Melville Island, G.W. Scotter 99725 (WIS); Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, I.M. Brodo 19228a (CANL); Pond Inlet, Baffin Island, M.E. Hale 667 (CANL, WIS); Prince Patrick Island, C.D. Bird 33067 (PMAE); Rebecca Falls, W.A. Gould 582 (MIN); Repulse Bay, 1966, J.A. Larsen (WIS); Resolute Bay, Bathurst Island, W.A. Weber 23845 (COLO); Silumiut Island, 1969, N. McCartney; Sleeper Island, A.R. Taylor 192 (both WIS); Yelverton Bay, Ellesmere Island, G.R. Brassard 4240b. ONTARIO. Kenora Dist., Penn Island, 1971, K.A. Kershaw (both CANL). QUEBEC. Gaspé, 1883, J. Macoun (BM, UC). YUKON. Bonnett Lake, G.W. Scotter 18709; Clarence Lagoon, P.F. Cooper 7326 (both CANL); Dawson, J. Macoun (FH); Herschel Island, G.W. Scotter 18960, 19004, 19039; P.F. Cooper 7413C; Howards Pass, R. Rosie 235; Hunker Creek, 1902, J. Macoun (all CANL), J. Macoun 135 (FH); Moosehorn Mountains, 1902, J. Macoun; Mount Peters, G.W. Scotter 19697, 19712; Stewart Crossing, R. Rosie 169b (all CANL); Trout Lake, 1965, J.D. Lambert (COLO), J.W. Thomson 14736 (WIS). GREENLAND. Christianshaab, P. Gelting 19112a (C); Disko Island, Godhavn, 1982, J. Poelt (GZU). U.S.A. ALASKA. Aleutian Islands, Amilia Island, S.S. Talbot 354 (WIS); Amchitka Island, J.A. Erdman 671 (BRY, COLO); T. Shacklette 7982 (COLO); Anaktuvuk Pass, G. Llano 236c (MIN); T.H. Nash 13259 (ASU, WIS); Atqasuk, A. Fryday 8152 (MSC); Barrow, A. Fehlmann 805 (COLO); J.W. Thomson 6431 (WIS); A. Fryday 8059, 8204, 8337, 8369, 8401 (MSC); Bering Strait, C. Wright (FH); Brant Point, M.W. Battrum 257 (PMAE); Choris Peninsula, 1923, Palmer (FH, US); Eagle Summit, J.W. Thomson 17888, 17897 (WIS); Fairbanks, G. Smith 2299a (UC, WIS); Fielding Lake, J.W. Thomson 18121 (WIS); Franklin Bluffs, J.W. Thomson 9083 (BRY); Icy Cape, 1880, Bern (US); Imiksonn Lake, J.W. Thomson 9191 (BRY, MSC), 9948 (WIS); Kaolak River, S. Shushan 5278 (COLO); Loon Lake, J.W. Thomson 6401; Mancha Creek, A.J. Sharp 8970 (both WIS); Mount Eielson, W.A. Weber 7130 (COLO); Okpilak Lake, J.W. Thomson 9162 (WIS); Pitmegea River, J.E. Cantlon 9191 (MSC); J.W. Thomson 5596 (WIS); Point Barrow, G. Llano 609l (MIN); Prudhoe Bay, B.W. Murray 6238; Sagavanirktok River, J.W. Thomson 9083; Saint Matthew Island, 1983, C. Vacca (all WIS); Saint Michael, 1899, W.A. Setchell (UC); Umiat, J.W. Thomson 6186 (WIS); Wainwright, 1958, S. Shushan (US), 5278, 5301 (WIS); Wonder Lake, W.A. Weber 7186 (COLO). COLORADO. Tanima Peak, R.A. Anderson 4175; Clear Creek Co., Mount Evans, W.A. Weber 1611; S. Shushan 4700; Summit Lake, S. Shushan 270 (all COLO); H.A. Imshaug 11140 (MSC); Grand Co., Berthoud Pass, S. Shushan 24770; Mount Richthofen, R.A. Anderson 3401; Larimer Co., Fairchild Mountain, R.A. Anderson 3579; Flattop Mountain, R.A. Anderson 2719 (all COLO); Longs Peak, W. Kiener 9137 (MICH); Summit Co., Blue Lake, 1969, W.A. Weber (COLO, MIN, WIS); Blue Lake reservoir, R.A. Anderson 7698 (COLO); North Star Mountain, 1977, J. Poelt (GZU); R.A. Anderson 7077 (CANL). MONTANA. Gallatin Co., Silkea Skein Falls, T.H. Nash 21699 (ASU); Glacier Co., Appekunny Mountain, H.A. Imshaug 6250b (MSC); Reynolds Mountain, B. McCune 17858 (personal herb.); E side Swiftcurrent Pass, H.A. Imshaug 6123d (MSC); Pondera Co., Heart Butte, R.S. Williams (NY); Powell Co., Mount Powell, H.A. Imshaug 18763, 18768 (MSC); Ravalli Co., Lolo Peak, B. McCune 10559 (personal herb.); Sweeny Peak, B. McCune 10995 (SASK). NEW HAMPSHIRE. White Mountains, E. Tuckerman. WASHINGTON. Ferry Co., Ferry, W.V. Suksdorf 167 (both FH); Okanogan Co., Windy Peak, H.A. Imshaug 18693 (MSC). WYOMING. Park Co., Long Lake, W.A. Weber 57546 (COLO); Teton Co., Craig Pass, C.M. Wetmore 82040 (MIN). Specimens examined (on bark). CANADA. NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. Anderson River, G.W. Scotter 5675 (CANL); Fort Simpson, J. Marsh 3935 (ASU); Inuvik, J.W. Thomson 15582 (WIS); 70 mi WNW Norman Wells, C.D. Bird 27455 (PMAE); Reindeer Station, G.W. Scotter 5989d (H); 37 km E Tuktoyaktuk, R.A. Sims 8629b (CANL); Wrigley, C.D. Bird 31987 (PMAE). NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR. Bay of Islands, A.C. Waghorne 237, 409 (M); Frenchman's Cove, 1896, A.C. Waghorne (M). NUNAVUT. Coppermine, J.W. Thomson 12472; Ennadai Lake, J.W. Thomson 19150 (both WIS); N bank Hood River, W.A. Gould 1472 (MIN). QUEBEC. La Côte-de-Gaspé Co., Cape Gaspé, I.M. Brodo 20768; Cap de la Veille, I.M. Brodo 20771 (both CANL). U.S.A. ALASKA. Fairbanks, 1954, G. Smith; Fielding Lake, J.W. Thomson 18246; Kaolak River, S. Shushan 5247; Pitmegea River, J.W. Thomson 5373 (all WIS). Specimens examined (on wood). CANADA. ALBERTA. Morley, C.D. Bird 28789 (PMAE). MANITOBA. Wapusk Nat. Park, M. Normore 3005 (WIN). NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR. Bay of Islands, 1896, A.C. Waghorne (M); Frenchmans' Cove, 1896, A.C. Waghorne (M); Menihek Lake, I.M. Brodo 8857 (CANL). NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. Anderson Rriver, G.W. Scotter 5743b, 5744b, 5746a, 5747a (H); Carcajou Range, C.D. Bird 34423 (PMAE); Crossley Lakes, G.W. Scotter 8335 (CANL); Drift Water Creek, G.W. Scotter 6149b (H); Reindeer Station, J.W. Thomson 15002 (CANL, MIN, WIS); Richard's Island, G.W. Scotter 8458, 8466a, 8467b, 8490a, 8493A, 8494c, 8495b, 8498 (H); 8495, 8505 (CANL), 8481 (CANL, H, UAC), 8498, 8501 (CANL, H). NUNAVUT. Coppermine, J.W. Thomson 12985, 12992 (WIS). ONTARIO. Kenora Dist., East Pen Island, K.A. Kershaw (CANL). QUEBEC. Jamesie Co., Great Whale River, J. Marr 556 (WIS). YUKON. Clarence Lagoon, P.F. Cooper 7319 (CANL). U.S.A. ALASKA. Atqasuk, A. Fryday 8163 (MSC); Mancha Creek, A.J. Sharp 9041; Nuvagapak Point, B.M. Murray 4103 (WIS); Sheensek River, G.B. Schaler (both WIS). Selected References. Magnusson (1947a), Mayrhofer (1984a), Thomson (1997), Brodo et al. (2001 p. 647), Mayrhofer & Moberg (2002 p. 108 as var. cinereovirens). Thompson, J., 1997. American Arctic Lichens: The Microlichens. Thallus crustose, variable from thick and uneven to verrucose, of scattered verrucae, or disappearing, grayish white to brownish gray. Apothecia to 1.5 or 2 mm broad, sessile; margin thin, entire to crenulate or flexuous, cortex 1+ blue; disk black or brownish black, flat or concave, bare; hypothecium hyaline; epihymenium brownish; hymenium 110-115 μm, hyaline, 1+ blue; paraphyses 1.5-2 μm, tips to 3-3.5 μm and with a brown cap; asci broadly clavate; spores dark olive or olive-brown, apical walls convex inward, septum distinct, porus distinct, 26-35 x 11-14 μm. Reactions: thallus K—, C . P—. This species grows on moss, decaying vegetation, rotting lichens, and rotting wood. It is a common circumpolar arctic-alpine lichen, ranging in North America south to California, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. |