Consortium of Lichen Herbaria Glossary

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Home >> Glossary Download Options Download Options Include Images Search/Browse Glossary Taxonomic Group: Search Term: Search within definitions Terms in English -ate -cole -colous -eous -ferous -ic -ish -lose -oid -ose -phile -philous -phobe -phobous -phyte -phytic Acrocordia-type Anisomeridium-type arceutina-yellow Argopsis-type arnoldiana-brown Arthonia-type Aspicilia-type atra-brown atra-red Austroblastenia-type Bacidia-Grün (Bachmann 1890) Bacidia-type bagliettoana-green Beltraminia-type Biatora-type Biatoridium-type Bicincta-type Bischoffii-type Brigantiaea-type Byssoloma-type caesiocinerea-green Calcarea-type Callispora-type Candelariella-type Catillaria-type Cetraria-type lichenan Cichoracearum-type cinereorufa-green Circumscriptum-type Cliostomum-type Conradii-type Dactylospora-type Diplotomma-type Dirinaria-type Dryina-type elachista-brown Enterographa-type Euoidium-type Fellhanera-type Fuliginea-type Fuscidea-type Graphina-type Gyalecta-type Gyalidea-type Haematomma-type hertelii-green Homalotropa-type Hymenelia-type hypnorum-blue Hypocenomyce-type intrusa-yellow Jenikii-type Labyrintha-type laurocerasi-brown Lecanactis-type (pycnicium) Lecania-type Lecanora-type Lecidea-type Lecidella-type Lecidoma-type leptocline-brown leptoclinoides-brown Lithothelium-type Lobaria-type (pycnidium) Lopadium-type Maronea-type Megalaria-type Megaloblastenia-type Megalospora-type melaena-red melaenida-red Micarea-type Miltidia-type Milvina-type Mischoblastia-type Mycoblastus-type Mycobylimbia-type Oidiopsis-type Oidium-type Opegrapha-type Orcularia-type Ovulariopsis-type Pachysporaria-type Pannosa-type Patellarioides-type Peltigera-type Pertusaria-type Phyllopsora-type Physcia-type Physconia-type Placopsis-type polychroa-brown Polycornum-type Polygoni-type Porina-type Porpidia-type Protoblastenia-type Protoparmelia-type Pseudoidium-type Psilolechia-type Psora-type Pyrenula-type Pyrrhospora-type Rhizocarpon-type Rimularia-type Rinodinella-type Roccella-type (pycnidium) Roccellinastrum-type Rufescens-type ruginosa-brown Sarrameana-type Schaereria-type Schismatomma-type schweinitzii-red Scoliciosporum-type sedifolia-grey Sporopodium-type Streptopodium-type Strigula-type Subelevata-type superba-brown Tapellaria-type Teloschistes-type Tephromela-type Thelidium-type Thrombium-type Toninia-type Trapelia-type Trapeliopsis-type Tremolecia-type Trichothelium-type Tunicata-type Tylothallia-type Umbilicaria-type (pycnidium) Varia-type verrucarioides-brown Vulgata-type Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan Xanthoria-type (ascus) Xanthoria-type (pycnidium) a- absent abundance abundant accepted accessory photobiont acerate acerose acicular aciculate acidic rock acrasioid acro- acrogeneous acuminate acute ad int. adglutinate adhesive disk adjoining adnate adpressed adventive aeruginose aff. African agglutinate aggregated aggregation alate alga algal layer algal sheath algicolous alien allantoid along alpine alpine belt altitude altitudinal belt alutaceous American amoeboid among amorphous amphi- amphigenous amphithecium ampliarate ampulliform amyloid amylomycan ana-holomorphic anamorph anamorphic anastomosed anastomosing anastomosis anatomy angiocarpic angiocarpous angular angular-oblong angulate angustate animal-pathogenic anisogamic gametangiogamy anisotomic anisotomic-dichotomous anneau apicale annelate annelidic annellidic annular annulate annulus antarctic Antarctic Floristic Kingdom Antarctic Zone antheridium anticlinal apical apical apparatus apical body apical brightness apical cap apical crown apical cushions apical dome apical furrow apical nasse apical plug apical pore apical ring apical spore wall thickening apically apiculus apothecial apothecioid apothecium appearance appendage appendix organ applanate apposition appressed appressorium apud arachnoid arboricolous archaeascus archaegonium arctic Arctic Zone Arctic Zone arcuate ardella areolate areole argillaceous arid arrangement arrested bitunicate arthrocatenate articulate articulated ascendent ascending ascocarp ascocarp margin ascogeneous ascogeneous hypha ascogonium ascohymenial ascolichen ascolocular ascoma ascomycete Ascomycota Ascomycotina ascoplasm ascospore ascospore discharge ascus ascus apex ascus cap ascus crown ascus dehiscence ascus plug ascus pore ascus stipitation ascus type ascus wall layer ascyphous aseptate asexual asexual reproduction Asian aspect aspicilioid assimilative atlantic attachment attachment organ attenuate attenuated attenuation attribute auct. auricular auriculiform austral Australian Australian Floristic Kingdom austrosubtropical Austrosubtropical Zone authentic author author citation autonomous autonym axial axial body axial canal axial mass axial plug axil axis bacillar bacilliform ball-tipped rhizine barbate bare basal basal cell basal disk basal exciple basally base basic rock basidium basionym basionymous basipetal basis basis basocatenate bayonet-like sterigma beak between bi- biatorine biclavate bicornute bifacial biflagellate bifurcate bifusiform biguttulate bilateral bilocular biloculate binominal biological character biological classification biological structure biome biota bipolar biseriate bitunicate bitunicate ascus bivalve dehiscence black blackening blackish blackish blue blackish brown blackish green blackish grey blades blasteniospore blastic blastidium blastocatenate blue blue-green alga bluish bluish black bluish brown bluish green bluish grey bluish red boreal Boreal Zone boreosubtropical Boreosubtropical Zone both botryoid botryose boundary bourrelet bowl-like brachy- branch branched branching pattern branchlet bright bright-tipped brighter brightness broad broadly broadly ellipsoid broadly ellipsoidal broadly prolate brown brownish brownish black brownish blue brownish green brownish grey brownish red brownish white brownish yellow bryophilous bryophyte budding budding mycelium bulbate bulbous bulla bullate bundled byssoid c. ca. caespitose calcareous calcareous rock calcicolous calciferous calciphile calciphobe calcite calicioid campylidial campylidium canal canaliculate capability capillary capitate capitate-spathulate capitulate capitulum capsoid carbonaceous carbonization carbonized cardinal-red cariose carmine cartilagineous cartilagineous layer category catenate catenulate catenuliform caulescent causing bronchitis caverna cavernose cell aggregates cell colony cell conglomerate cell lumen cell organization central Central American central axis central cone central cord central exciple centrifugal centripetal centrum cephalodium cerebriform cespitose cf. cfr. chaffy chalk chalky channeled character character state character value chasmolithic checklist chemical race chemical strain chemodeme chemospecies chemosyndrome chemotype chinked chinky chipped chlorobiont chlorococcoid Chlorophyta chondroid chondroid axis chondroid strand chorology chroma chromatography ciliate cilium cinereous circinate circumboreal citriform citrine clade cladistics cladoniiform clarity classification clathrate clavate clear cleistothecium clustered clypeate clypeus coacervate coalescent coarse coarsely coastal coastal vegetation belt coccoid cochineal cochineal-red cochleate coenobium coherent collection colline colline belt colony color color brightness color cast color intensity color saturation color shade color tint color tones color type color value color wheel columnar isidium columnella comb.nov. commensal commensalism commensalistic common compact compartmentalization compiled complanate complete complicate composition compound compressed concave concentric conceptacle conceptaculum concolorous cone cortex cone-shaped confluent congeneric congested conglomerate conglutinate congrescent conical conidiogeneous conidiogeneous cell conidioma conidiophore conidiophore-type I conidiophore-type II conidiophore-type III conidiophore-type IV conidiophore-type V conidiophore-type VI conidiophore-type VII conidiophore-type VIII conidiospore conidium connection consistency conspecific constricted constriction content contiguous continent continental continentality continuity continuous continuously contorted convergent convex convoluted convolution coralliform coralloid cord coriaceous cormus corniculate corniform cornute corona coronate corrugate cortex cortex-rhizine cortical cortical exciple corticate corticated medulla-rhizine corticoid corticolous corymbose cosmopolitan costate crack cracked crateriform crenate crenulate crescent-shaped cretaceous crimson crisped cross-revised crowded crowded back crozier crustose cryptic species cryptolecanorine cryptolecideine cryptolithic crystalline crystallized cucullate cuff-shaped soralium cuneate cuneiform cup cupular cupular exciple cupulate curvature curved cushion-forming cyan cyanobacteriicolous cyanobacterioid cyanobacterium cyanobiont cyanolichen cyanophilous Cyanophyta cyanotrophic cyanotrophy cylindrical cymose cyphella dacryoid dactyl dactyliform dark dark-tipped darkened darker darkness data data maintenance decomposer decorticate decumbent decurrent decussate deflexed deformation deformed dehiscence dehiscence type dehiscent delicate delimitation delimited deliquescent dendritic dendroid dendromorphic dense densely density dentate denticulate depauperate dependency dependent depressed depside depsidone description destruent destruentic det. determinate detrital detritus devalidated development development dextrinoid di- diagnosis diam. diameter diaspore dicarpous dichotomous differentiated differentiation diffract diffuse digitate dilacerate dimension dimidiate dimorphic dimple disciform discocarp discoid discolichen discomycete discomycete discrete disjunct disk dispersal dispersed dissected dissolving distal distance distant distantly distichous distinct distinctiveness distinctly distoseptate distoseptum distributed distribution distribution area distribution belt distribution limit distribution pattern distribution sector divaricate divergent divided dolioform dorsal dorsiventral double-layered down-turned downy druse dry dull dystrophic E e- e.g. ear-shaped early early septum formation early spore septum formation east eastern echinate echinulate eciliate ecology ecorticate ecorticate ecorticated ecotype ectal exciple ectosporium edge effective publication effectively effigurate efflorescent effuse effusive elevation ellipsoid ellipsoid-cylindrical elliptical elongate emaculate embrown emend. emergent emersed enclosure endemic endo- endoascus endobasidial endocarpic endocarpinoid endocarpous endocytobiosis endolithic endophloedal endophyte endophytic endoseptate endospore endospore septum endospore swelling endospore thickening endosubstratal endosubstratic endotunica enteroblastic entire entirely envelope enveloping membrane system epi- epicortex epigaeic epihymenial epihymenium epilithic epinecral epiphloedal epiphyllous epiphyte epiphytic epiplasm episamma epispore epithecium epithet epixylic epruinose equator equatorial equidistant erect erhizinate eroded erose erratic erumpent eseptate esorediate eu- euamyloid eucarpic eucarpous eucortex eucortical eucorticate eulecanorine euparaphysal eupertusiariate Eurasian European euseptate euseptum euthyplectenchyma eutrophic eutrophication evanescence-type dehiscence evanescent even evenly eversible apical ring eversion-type dehiscence ex ex- excavate excavation excentric exciple excipular hypha excipuloid hypha excluded excurrent exfoliating exo- exoascus exobasidial exosymbiosis exotic exotunica expanded expansible inner layer exposed exposure exs. exsiccata exsiccatum extendentunicate extending extenditunicate-type dehiscence extension extent extrusion extrusion-type dehiscence f. fabiform facultative falcate false isidium false tissue farinose fascicle fasciculate fastigiate fauna faveolate fenestrate fertile hypha fertile structure fertilization fertilization festooning few fibril fibrillose fibrose fibrosin body fibrous filamentous filamentous-dichotomous filiform fimbriate fimbrillate fine fine structure finely fissitunicate fissural fissural soralium fissurate fissurate dehiscence fissure fissured fistular fistulose fixation disk flabellate flabelliform flaccid flagellate flagelliform flagellum flask-shaped flattened flattening flexibility flexose flexuous floccose flora floristic floristic element Floristic Kingdom floristic province floristic region Floristic Subkingdom floristic zone fold foliaceous phyllocladium foliicolous foliole foliose foot form formation forming foveate foveolate fragmentation region free-cell formation friable fringed front frosted fruit wart fruiting fruiting body frullaniicolous fruticose fruticulose fuchsin-red fulcrum fully fully excavated fully exposed fully shaded functionally bitunicate fungiicolous furcate furfuraceous fuscocapitate fuscous fusiform fusiform-elongate fusing fusion fuzzy coat galeiform gall-forming gametangiogamy gametangium gamete gametic gamut gel gelatine gelatinization gelatinized gelatinous gelatinous sheath gelin general growth morphology generative geniculate genome genus geographic distribution geographic factor geographic range glabrous glaucescent glaucous gleba glebose glebulose globose globular globular isidium globulose glomerulate glomerule glossiness glossy glypholecideine goniocyst goniocystangium grain grainy granular granulate granule granuliform granuliform phyllocladium granulose graphidian apothecium green green alga greenish greenish black greenish blue greenish brown greenish grey greenish white greenish yellow gregarious grey greyish greyish black greyish blue greyish brown greyish green gross growth growth form growth habit growth limitation guttulate guttule gymnocarpic gymnocarpous gypsiferous gyrodisk gyrose gyrus habit habitat hafter hair haline halo halonate hamathecium hapter haustorium height helicoid hemi-fissitunicate hemiamyloid hemiangiocarpic hemiangiocarpous hemiangiocarpous A hemiangiocarpous B hemisphere hemispherical hepaticolous heterokont heteromerous heteromorphic heterotrichal heterotypic high hirsute hispid historical factor hoary holarctic Holarctic Floristic Kingdom Holarctic Zone holdfast hollow holoblastic holomorph holomorphic holotype homogeneous homoimerous homonym homotypic hooded horizontal horizontal thallus hormocytangium hormocyte host host-dependent host-independent hue human-pathogenic humic humicolous humid humidity humus hyalin hyaline hydrophilous hydrophily hydrophobous hydrophytic hygrochasic hygrophanous hymenial hymenium hypertrophic hypha hyphal hyphal mycelium hyphal net hyphal rhizoid hyphomycete hyphomycetous hyphophore hyphophorous hypo- hypodermataceous hypophloedal hypophyllous hypothallus hypothecium hysterothecium I i.e. igneous illegitimate imbricate imbrication immaculate immarginate immersed imperfect imperforate impressed in in in litt. inc.sed. incised incrassate incrusted indefinite independent indeterminate indigo indistinct indistinct indistinctly indistinctly halonate individual individual ined. infectious inflated inflexed infraspecific infundibuliform inhomogeneous innate inner exciple inoperculate inorganic insolubility insoluble inspers inspersion insular intact integrity intensity inter- interascal interascal hypha interascal pseudoparenchyma interascicular intercalary interior interlaced intermediate layer internode interparietal interspersed interthecial interwoven intra- intracellular intricate introduced intumescence invasive inverse inverse cone-shaped invisible involucrellum involute iodine irregular isabelline isidiate isidiate soralium isidioid isidioid granule isidioid soredium isidioid tip isidiomorph isidiose isidium iso- isodiametric isogamic gametangiogamy isokont isolated isolateral isolectotype isolichenan isomorphic isonym isotomic isotomic-dichotomous isotype isthmus Jack-In-The-Box jointed juga kind knob-like label data labium labriform labyrinthuloid lacerate laciniate lacinium lacking lacuna lacunose lageniform lamella lamellate lamina lamina laminal laminal soralium lanceloate large late late septum formation lateral lateral exciple lateral gene transfer lateral spore wall thickening latitude lax lecanoralean lecanorate lecanorine lecanoroid lecideine lecideoid lectotype leg. leiodisk length lenticular leproid leprose leptodermatous levelled lichen lichen acid lichen substance lichen symbiosis lichenan lichenicolous lichenized life cycle lifestyle light transparency lightness ligneous lignicolous lignose lignum ligulate limbiform limestone limitation limited limiting linear linear soralium lingulate Linnaean system lirella lirellate literature lithophytic litmus litmus litter littoral lobate lobe lobe lenght lobed loboid holdfast lobulate lobule lobuliform loc.cit. locality location location locular locule long longitude longitudinal loose loriform lower lower cell lower conidiophore cell lower exciple lower range lower surface lower surface structure lower thecium Lugol's negative Lugol's positive Lugol's solution lumen lunate luniform lunuliform macaedium macro- macroconidial macroconidium macrolichen macronematous macrophylline macroscopic macula maculate maculiform madrean mafic magenta main subunit main thallus malaceoid manciform many margin marginal marginal soralium marginate marine maritime mat matrix matt matted mazaedioid mazaedium mealy mean mechanism median median thickening Mediterranean Mediterranean region Mediterranean Zone medium-sized medulla medulla rhizine medullary medullary cavity medullary exciple mega- meiosporic melanized Melzer's negative Melzer's positive Melzer's reagent membranaceous membrane meridian meridional Meridional Zone mesic meso- mesoconidial mesoconidium mesodermatous mesotrophic metalliferous metamorphic methathallus micareoid micro- microconidial microconidium microfoveate microlichen micrometre microphylline microrugulose microscopic mineral composition mineral content minute minutely minutely granular mischoblastiomorphic mischoblastium mitosporic moderately moist molariform moniliform monilioid mono- monoblastic monocarpous monoflagellate monophyletic monophyllous monopodial monosporous montane montane belt morph morph morph- morphodeme morphology morphotype morphotype mottled mucilage mucilagenous mucilaginous sheath mucronate multi- multi-layered multi-septate multicellular multicellular organism multisporous murale muriform muscicolous mutual mutualism myc- mycelial mycelial cord mycelioid mycelium mycet- myceto- myco- mycobiont mycobiota mycoflora mycolecanorine mycophycobiosis mycorrhizal mycota N naked name napiforn narrow narrowly ellipsoid nassacre nasse axiale native naturalized NE nearctic Nearctic Zone necral necrosis negative neighboured neotropic Neotropic Floristic Kingdom neotropical neotype new combination nigrescent nitid nitrophilous nitrophobous nitrophytic NNE NNW node nodose nodular nodulated nodule nodulose nom. nom. alt. nom. amb. nom. confus. nom. cons. nom. dub. nom. holom. nom. illegit. nom. inval. nom. legit. nom. monstr. nom. nov. nom. nud. nom. prop. nom. prov. nom. rej. nom. sol. nom. superfl. nom. tant. nomenclatural type nomenclature non non- non-dehiscent non-fissitunicate non-septate north North American northern northern hemispheric not rimmed note nubilated number numerous NW ob- obclavate obligate oblique oblong oblong-ellipsoid oblong-obtuse oblong-truncate obovate obovoid obpyriform obsolete obtriangular obtuse occasional occurrence ocean oceanic oceanity ochraceous ochre octosporous ocular chamber oil droplet oily ombro- omni- omniseptate omphalodisk on on bark on bricks on buds on costae on inflorescence on leaf blades on leaf nerves on leaves on lichens on living leaves on loam on loess on petioles on rootlets on stem nodes on stems on twigs on whole plant on wood one-septate ontogenesis ontogeny opaque opaqueness operculate operculum opisthokont orange orbicular orchil orculiform organ organic organic content organic soil content organization orientation oriented orifice origin original collection original material original publication ornamented ornithocoprophilous ornithocoprophytic orographic orography orthographic variant ostiolar ostiolar apparatus ostiolar canal ostiolar filament ostiole ostropalean outer layer outline oval ovate overlapping ovoid p.p. pachydermatous pachyspore pacific pairing palaearctic Palaearctic Zone Palaeotropic Floristic Kingdom palaeotropical pale paled paleotropic paleotropical paler palisade pallid pallisade plectenchyma pallisade plectenchymateous palmate pannose pantropical papilla papillate papillose para- parallel parallel paraphyletic paraphysis paraphysoid paraphysoidal paraplectenchyma paraplectenchymatous parasexual cycle parasite parasitic parasitism parasymbiont parasymbiontic parasymbiosis parathecial crown parathecium paratype parenchyma parenchymatous parietal parmuliform partially partly patch patchy patelliform pathogenic pattern patterned pectinate pedicel pedicellate pellicle pellucid peltate pendant pendent pendulous penicillate peraxial perfect perforate peri- periclinal perifulcrum peripheral periphysis periphysoid perispore perithecial perithecial envelope perithecial wall perithecioid perithecium permission permitted persistence persistent pertusariate petrophilous phaeo- phenetics pheno- phenocortex phenocortical phenocorticate phenology phialide phialidic phorophyte photobiont photobiont layer photophilous photophobous photophytic photosymbiodeme phycobiont phyllidiate phyllidium phyllocladium PhyloCode phylogeny Physciaceae-type A Physciaceae-type B Physciaceae-type C phytopathogenic pigmented pilema pilose pin-head lichen pinnate pit pitted placement placodioid placodiomorph plain plane plaque plasmodioid platysmoid plectenchyma plectenchymatous plethomorphic pleuricellular pleurogeneous pliable plica plicate plurilocular pluriseptate plutonic plymorphism podetioid podetium pointed polarilocular pole poly- polyblastic polycarpous polychotomous polydactyloid venation polyisidiangium polymorphic polyphyletic polyphyllous polysporous polytomic population density pore pore plug poriform porous position position positive pre- pre-ascal hypha pre-ascus pre-thalllus predehiscence preference presence present primal thallus primarily primary primary color primary photobiont primary species primary squamule primary subdivision primary subunit primary thallus primary thallus subunit primary wall prime meridian primordium priority pro- process procreation progressively progressively formed projection prolate proliferate proliferation prominence prominent pronounced propagule proper exciple proper margin proper septum proper wall proper wall septum property prosoplectenchyma prosoplectenchymatous prostrate prothallus protologue protonym prototunicate province proximal pruina pruinose psamnophytic pseudo- pseudoamyloid pseudobifacial pseudocortex pseudocortical pseudocorticate pseudocyphella pseudocyphellium pseudoisidium pseudolecanorate pseudolecanorine pseudooperculate pseudoparaphysal pseudoparaphysis pseudoparenchyma pseudopodetium pseudoseptum pseudostromatic pseudothalline margin pseudothecium psilate pubescent publication date pulverulaceous pulverulent pulvinate puncta punctate punctiform purple pustular pustulate pustule pycnides pycnidial pycnidial jelly pycnidiospore pycnidium pycniospore pycnoascocarp pycnoconidium pycnospore pyrenocarp pyrenocarpous pyrenoid pyrenolichen pyrenomycete pyrenulum pyriform q.e. q.v. quadrangular quality radial radiate radiating ramification ramification pattern range rank rare rarity ratio re-crystallized reacting reacting C+ (positive) reacting C- (negative) reacting CK+ (positive) reacting CK- (negative) reacting I+ red (positive) reacting I+ reddish yellow (posi reacting I+ violet (positive) reacting K+ (positive) reacting K- (negative) reacting KC+ (positive) reacting KC- (negative) reacting P+ (positive) reacting P- (negative) reacting PD+ (positive) reacting PD- (negative) reacting UV+ (positive) reacting UV- (negative) reacting ZnIKI+ (positive) reacting ZnIKI- (negative) reaction reaction intensity reactive reactivity receptacle record record record author record publication permission record revision status rectangular recurved red reddish reddish black reddish brown reddish grey reddish white reddish yellow reflexed region regular reniform reproduction restricted reticulate reticulum rev. reviewed reviewer revised revolute rheophyte rhizinate rhizine rhizinoid rhizinomorph rhizinose strand rhizohypha rhizohyphae felt rhizoid rhizomorph rhizopta ribbed ridged rim rimiform rimiform soralium rimmed rimose rimose-areolate rimulose robust rosette rosettiform rostrate rostrum rosulate rotund rough roughness rounded ruga rugose rugulate rugulose S s.ampl. s.l. s.n. s.s. s.str. sac sac fungus saccate sacculate sacculiform salmon same sample saprobe saprobic saprophyte saprophytic saprotrophic saturation saxicolous scabrid scabrose scale scant scarce scarcity scarlet scattered scavenger scheda schizidium schizogeneous scleroplectenchyma scleroplectenchymatous type A scleroplectenchymatous type B scleroprosoplectenchymatous sclerotised scrobiculate sculptured scurfy scutelliform scutellum scyphiferous scyphus SE secondarily secondary secondary areole secondary metabolite secondary photobiont secondary species secondary subdivision secondary subunit secondary thallus secondary wall sedimentary segmentation segmented segregate semi-fissitunicate semi-immersed semicapitate semilunate separate separation septal septal canal septal plate septal plug septal pore septal pore lamella septal structure septate septation septum septum thickening sequential sequentially formed seriate serioplectenchymatous serioprosoplectenchymatous serpentine serrate sessile seta setaceous setiform sexual sexual reproduction sexuality shade shaded shagreen-like shape sheltered shiny short sibling species sigmoid siliceous simple simultaneously simultaneously formed single single-anamorphic single-layered sinuous sinus siphon siphonate siphonocladate size skiophilous skiophytic slender slightly slime mould small smooth smoothness SNW soleiform solid solubility soluble soma somatic somatogamy soralium sordid sorediate sorediate isidium soredium source south South African Floristic Kingdom South American southern southern hemispheric sp. sparingly sparse sparsely spathulate spec. species species aggregate species complex species group species name species pair specimen specimen material sperm cell spermatiogeneous cell spermatiophore spermatiophore spermatium spermatogamy spermogonium spermogonium sphagnicolous spine spinose spinulate spinule spinulose spinulous spongiose spongiostratum spore spore canal spore channel spore ontogeny spore septum spore type spore wall thickening sporocarp sporodochium sporophore spp. spreading squamiform squamose squamulate squamule squamuliform squamulose squarrose SSE ssp. stalk starting point state status stellate stem sterigma sterile stiff stipe stipitate stipitation stipule straight stramineous strap-shaped strategy stratified stria striate striated striation strigose stroma stromatic strong strongly strongly reacting structural integrity structure sub- sub- subalpine subantarctic subapical rupture subapical spore wall thickening subarctic subcanaliculate subcapitate subconcave subconvex subcrustose subdichotomous subdivided subdivision suberect subfoliate subfoliose subfruticose subgelatinous subglobose subglobular subgregarious subhemispherical subhymenium subimmersed subisidiate sublageniform sublittoral sublobate submarginal submontane submuriform suboperculate subpendulous subporous subspecies subsquamulose substipitate substrate subterete subtropic subtropical Subtropical Zone subulate sulca sulcate sunken superficial superlecideine supralittoral SW swelling swollen symbiont symbiontic symbiosis symbiotic sympodial sympodium symptom syn. synanamorphic syncortex syncorticate synonym synonymous syntype tabular tainted tapered tapering tartareous tautonym taxon taxon author taxonomic authority taxonomic rank taxonomic rank taxonomic recombination taxonomy tectum teleomorph teleomorphic temperate Temperate Zone tendril tension zone tent-like teratum terete terminal terrestrial terricolous testaceous tetra- tetrachotomous tetrachotomy text textura textura angularis textura chondroidea textura epidermoidea textura globularis textura intricata textura intricata dense textura intricata loose textura oblita textura porrecta textura prismatica texture thallic thalline thalline collar thalline exciple thalline margin thalline veil thalloconidium thalloid thallophyte thallospore thallus thallus apex thallus apex curvature thallus differentiation thallus joint thallus margin thallus outgrowth thallus perimeter thallus size thallyle thecium thelotremoid thick thickened thickness thin thinness thinning tholus tholus flank thyrse tier timberline tinophysis tint tip tomentose tomentum toniniform topotype tortuous torulose torulous torus trabecula trabeculate trabercula trabercular trabercular pseudoparaphysis traberculate translucence translucent transparency transparent transverse trebouxioid tree-like trentepohlioid tri- triangular trichal trichotomous trichotomy trimmed tropic tropical Tropical Zone true exciple true septum true tissue truncate trunk tubercle tubercular tuberculate tuberculose tubular tumid tunica tunicle turbinate turgid type type specimen type taxon typonym tyrsoid ubiquitous ulcerose ultimate segment ultrabasic ultrastructure umbilicate umbilicus umbo umbonate unciform uncinate undulate undulation unicellular unicellular organism unifacial unilocular uniseriate unitunicate up-turned upper upper cell upper montane upper range upper surface upper surface structure urceolate UV-light v. vagrant valid publication validly value var. variability variation variety vegetation vegetation tension zone vegetative veil vein vein-strand ventral ventricose vermiform verruca verrucarioid verruciform verrucose verrucule verruculose verticil verticillate very very large very loose very small vesicle vesicular vesiculate vesiculiform vestigial vidi villose vine-like vinelike vinescent violet violet-blue violet-red virescent visibility visible vitelline vitreous viz. W wall-to-wall apposition wandering wavy weak weakly weakly reacting west western wet white white-reticulate white-spotted whitening whitish whorl widening widespread width winged with within without Woronin body wrinkle xeric xerophilous xerophobous xerophytic yeast yeasts yellow yellow-red yellowish yellowish brown yellowish green yellowish red zeorine zonal zonate zonation zone
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