Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.
Life habit: parasitic or saprophytic on phanerogams, or lichenicolous, non-lichenized Ascomata: unknown in lichenicolous species; some non-lichenicolous species are anamorphs of Leptosphaeria or Pleospora Conidiomata: pycnidial, unilocular, brown to black, subspherical, ostiolate, immersed or partly erumpent wall: thin, composed of a few cell layers, often thicker near the ostiole, brown, sometimes with a golden-brown or olivaceous tinge, paraplectenchymatous conidiophores: usually absent conidiogenous cells: enteroblastic, phialidic, not proliferating, hyaline, short-cylindrical to broadly ampulliform conidia: arising singly, narrowly to broadly ellipsoid to subspherical, apically rounded, basally rounded or indistinctly truncate, hyaline, simple, thin- and smooth-walled Geography: cosmopolitan Substrate: phanerogams and lichens. Notes: More than 2000 Phoma species have been dePHOMA