Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2002. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 1.
Thallus: foliose, 2.5-4.0 cm in diam., tightly adnate to adnate, dichotomously to subirregularly lobate lobes: linear, elongate, plane or convex, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, separate to subimbricate; margin: entire; apices: subtruncate to subrotund, plane to slightly convex upper surface: light gray, smooth, shiny, emaculate pustules: eroding, erumpent, becoming granular sorediate and exposing black lower cortex; dactyls and isidia absent medulla: white with continuous algal layer lower surface: black, shiny; rhizines: sparse, black, dichotomous Apothecia: not observed Pycnidia and conidia: not seen Spot tests: upper cortex K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow, UV-; medulla K- or K+ pale reddish, C -, KC + rose, P- Secondary metabolites: upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with colensoic, 4-O-methylphysodic acids (both major), physodic acid (minor), lividic and oxyphysodic acids (both trace). Substrate and ecology: on hardwood bark in lower montane to montane forests World distribution: Australasia, neotropics (Brazil and Mexico) and South Africa Sonoran distribution: Sinaloa, in the Sierra Madre Occidental.