discrete soralia on lumpy pale gray crust, soredia yellowish under thin layer of gray soredia ~15-25um hyphae expanded strongly in K turning soredia into handsome beaded rosettes under LM, K+y strong turning deep brown (no crytals) or blood red (granular red granular crystals if you really work at it) C- KC unchanged P+y/o strong UV-, apothecia very rare tiny flat adnate, disk dark red-brown to black, rim smooth even flush thalline becoming excluded, epihymenium red-brown, hypothecium hyaline, spores 8 per ascus all over the board from type A to type B some with rounded lumina others with very angular (Physcia) lumina some with dark torus some with very thick lateral walls (Pachysporaria) to at least 20x9um but probably saw no fully mature spores