Consortium of Lichen Herbaria
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Lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental US & Canada (Version 22)
Taxa explicitly excluded: Erroneous reports of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi from North America (version #22)
Citation: This version (Version #22, 29 January 2018) of the checklist is being simultaneously published online by North Dakota State University, and in Opuscula Philolichenum 17: 6-268.
Locality: Continental United States of America and Canada
Abstract:
Version 22 of the checklist of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi occurring in North America north of Mexico is presented. It includes a total of 5,561 species in 755 genera, with an additional 41 subspecies, 44 varieties, and 3 forms. The total species number includes 615 lichenicolous fungi, 107 saprophytic fungi related to lichens or to lichenicolous fungi, and another 53 species of varying and/or uncertain biological status.
Please click here to download the Reference List as a PDF.
PLEASE NOTE: Version #23 has recently been published on 19 September 2019; the current list here is now being updated.
Notes: The original checklist and its previous versions is available online at this website of North Dakota State University.
Families: 173
Genera: 764
Species: 5560
Total Taxa: 5600
[Biatora flavocoerulescens (Hornem.) Hepp, Haplocarpon contiguum var. flavicundum (Ach.) M. Choisy, Haplocarpon flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) V. Wirth ex Hertel, Huilia flavicunda (Ach.) Mas. Inoue, Lecidea albocaerulescens f. oxydata Schaer., Lecidea albocaerulescens var. flavocoerulescens (Hornem.) Schaer., Lecidea contigua var. flavicunda (Ach.) Nyl., Lecidea flavicunda Ach., Lecidea flavocoerulescens Hornem., Lecidea flavocoerulescens f. flavocoerulescens Hornem., Lecidea flavocoerulescens f. oxydata (Fr.) Szatala, Lecidea macrocarpa f. flavicunda (Ach.) Zahlbr., Lecidea steriza f. flavicunda (Ach.) Szatala, Porpidia flavocoerulescens (Hornem.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab]
source: Fryday (2005)
source: Fryday (2005)
[Biatora contigua (Hoffm.) Nägeli, Haplocarpon contiguum (Hoffm.) M. Choisy, Haplocarpon contiguum f. contiguum (Hoffm.) M. Choisy, Haplocarpon contiguum f. oxydatum (Grognot) M. Choisy, Haplocarpon contiguum var. contiguum (Hoffm.) M. Choisy, Huilia macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel, Huilia macrocarpa var. macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel, Lecidea contigua (Hoffm.) Fr., Lecidea contigua f. calcarea Fr., Lecidea contigua f. contigua (Hoffm.) Fr., Lecidea contigua var. contigua (Hoffm.) Fr., Lecidea contigua var. notabilis Nyl., Lecidea contigua var. platycarpa (Ach.) Fr., Lecidea macrocarpa (DC.) Steud., Lecidea macrocarpa f. macrocarpa (DC.) Steud., Lecidea macrocarpa f. oxydata (Körb.) Vain., Lecidea macrocarpa subsp. macrocarpa (DC.) Steud., Lecidea macrocarpa var. macrocarpa (DC.) Steud., Lecidea macrocarpa var. steriza (Ach.) Vain., Lecidea phylliscina Nyl., Lecidea platycarpa Ach., Lecidea platycarpa f. obscura Britzelm., Lecidea platycarpa f. oxydata Körb., Lecidea platycarpa f. platycarpa Ach., Lecidea platycarpa f. trullisata Arnold, Lecidea platycarpa var. microcarpa Hepp, Lecidea platycarpa var. platycarpa Ach., Lecidea soredifera Lowe, Lecidea steriza (Ach.) Vain., Lecidea steriza f. contigua (Hoffm.) Vain., Lecidea steriza f. macrocarpa (DC.) Vain., Lecidea steriza f. oxydata (Körb.) Vain., Lecidea steriza f. steriza (Ach.) Vain., Lecidea steriza var. steriza (Ach.) Vain., Lichen contiguus (Hoffm.) Sm., Patellaria contigua (Hoffm.) Hoffm., Porpidia macrocarpa f. macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab, Porpidia macrocarpa var. macrocarpa (DC.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab, Porpidia macrocarpa var. striata Fryday, Verrucaria contigua Hoffm.]
[Aspicilia melinodes Körb., Haplocarpon melinodes (Körb.) V. Wirth, Huilia melinodes (Körb.) Hertel, Lecanora melinodes (Körb.) Zahlbr., Lecidea melinodes (Körb.) H. Magn. ex Lynge]
[Aspicilia ochrolemma (Vain.) Hue, Hymenelia ochrolemma (Vain.) Gowan & Ahti, Lecanora ochrolemma (Vain.) Vain., Pertusaria ochrolemma Vain.]
[Haplocarpon percontigua (Nyl.) Hertel, Haplocarpon platycarpoides (Bagl.) Hertel, Huilia percontigua (Nyl.) Mas. Inoue, Huilia platycarpoides (Bagl.) Hertel, Lecidea contigua var. percontigua (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea corallidea Stirt., Lecidea corollidea Stirt., Lecidea nitescens Leight., Lecidea percontigua Nyl., Lecidea platycarpoides Bagl.]
[Huilia glaucophaea (Körb.) Hertel, Lecidea glaucophaea Körb.]
source: Fryday (2005)
[Haplocarpon soredizodes (Lamy) V. Wirth, Huilia soredizodes (Lamy) Hertel, Lecidea meiospora var. soredizodes Lamy, Lecidea soredizodes (Lamy) Lindau, Lecidea soredizodes f. albuginosa (Nyl.) Vain., Lecidea soredizodes f. arachnoidea Erichsen, Lecidea soredizodes f. phacenterodes (Nyl.) Vain., Lecidea soredizodes f. phaeenterodes (Nyl.) Vain., Lecidea soredizodes f. soredizodes (Lamy) Lindau, Lecidea soredizodes var. epruinosa Erichsen, Lecidea soredizodes var. ochracea Lynge, Lecidea soredizodes var. soredizodes (Lamy) Lindau]
source: Fryday et al. (2007)
[Huilia speirea (Ach.) Kremp., Lecidea cinerascens A.L. Sm., Lecidea contigua f. alpina Hepp ex Arnold, Lecidea speirea (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea speirea f. alpina (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold, Lecidea speirea f. concentrica Szatala, Lecidea speirea f. meiosporoides Norrl., Lecidea speirea f. speirea (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea speirea f. trullisata (Kremp.) Stein, Lecidea speirea subsp. alpina (Hepp ex Arnold) Arnold, Lecidea speirea subsp. speirea (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea speirea subsp. subconfluens Th. Fr., Lecidea speirea var. alpina (Hepp ex Arnold) Hertel, Lecidea speirea var. calcarea Ach., Lecidea speirea var. prochsthallina (A. Massal.) Hertel, Lecidea speirea var. speirea (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea speirea var. trullisata (Kremp.) Arnold, Lecidea subumbonata Nyl., Lecidea subumbonella Lamy, Lichen speireus Ach., Patellaria speirea (Ach.) Duby]
[Lecidea subsimplex H. Magn., Porpidia tahawasiana Gowan]
source: Coppins & Fryday (2006b)
[Huilia superba (Körb.) Hertel]
[Haplocarpon tumidum (A. Massal.) M. Choisy, Huilia tuberculosa (Sm.) P. James, Lecidea sorediza Nyl., Lecidea sorediza f. renudata (Vain.) Vain., Lecidea sorediza f. sorediza Nyl., Lecidea sorediza var. oxydata H. Magn., Lecidea sorediza var. sorediza Nyl., Lecidea tumida A. Massal., Lecidea tumida f. glaucocaesia I.M. Lamb, Lecidea tumida f. sorediza (Nyl.) I.M. Lamb, Lecidea tumida f. tumida A. Massal., Spiloma tuberculosum Sm.]
[Lecidea macrocarpa var. trullisata (Arnold) Mig., Lecidea zeoroides Anzi]
[Acremonium pedatum Lowen, Mem. N. Y. bot. Gdn 49: 248 (1989), Nectria anisophila Picado, Nectriella anisospora Lowen, Trichonectria anisospora (Lowen) van den Boom & Diederich]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko et al. (2005)
[Nectriella erythrinella (Nyl.) Fuckel ex Höhn. & Weese, Sphaeria erythrinella Nyl.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Xenonectriella fissuriprodiens (Etayo) Etayo]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Pronectria oligospora subsp. oligospora Lowen & Rogerson, Pronectria oligospora var. oligospora Lowen & Rogerson]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Nectria peltigerae W. Phillips & Plowr., Nectria robergei Mont. & Desm.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Alstrup & Cole (1998)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko & Alstrup (2004)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko et al. (2005)
[Blastenia rupestris var. calva (Dicks.) Lettau, Callopisma rupestre var. calvum (Dicks.) Walt. Watson, Caloplaca calva (Dicks.) Kieffer, Lecanora calva (Dicks.) Nyl., Lecidea calva (Dicks.) Nyl., Lecidea calva f. alpina (Arnold) Lettau, Lecidea calva f. calva (Dicks.) Nyl., Lichen calvus Dicks., Placodium rupestre var. calvum (Dicks.) A.L. Sm., Protoblastenia calva f. calva (Dicks.) Zahlbr., Protoblastenia calva var. calva (Dicks.) Zahlbr., Protoblastenia rupestris var. calva (Dicks.) J. Steiner]
[Biatora cyclospora Hepp ex Körb., Biatora rubidula (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Biatorella rubidula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecidea cyclospora (Hepp ex Körb.) Müll. Arg., Lecidea globulificans Nyl., Lecidea rubidula Nyl., Protoblastenia globulificans (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
source: Dillman et al. 2012
[Biatora incrustans (DC.) A. Massal., Callopisma rupestre f. incrustans (DC.) Walt. Watson, Caloplaca incrustans (DC.) Flagey, Caloplaca incrustans f. incrustans (DC.) Flagey, Caloplaca incrustans f. nicaeensis B. de Lesd., Caloplaca incrustans f. soredlosa B. de Lesd., Caloplaca incrustans var. incrustans (DC.) Flagey, Caloplaca incrustans var. urbana B. de Lesd., Lecanora incrustans (DC.) Ach., Lecanora irrubata f. incrustans (DC.) Cromb., Lecanora rupestris f. incrustans (DC.) Leight., Lecidea incrustans (DC.) Chevall., Lecidea rupestris var. incrustans (DC.) Schaer., Patellaria incrustans DC., Placodium citrinum f. incrustans (DC.) Räsänen, Placodium incrustans (DC.) A.L. Sm., Placodium rupestre f. incrustans (DC.) A.L. Sm., Protoblastenia rupestris var. incrustans (DC.) Zahlbr.]
[Biatora irrubata (Ach.) Kernst., Biatora rupestris (Scop.) Fr., Biatora rupestris f. lutescens Vain. ex Hav., Biatora rupestris f. rupestris (Scop.) Fr., Biatora rupestris var. alpina Arnold, Biatora rupestris var. incrustans DC., Biatora rupestris var. rupestris (Scop.) Fr., Biatora rupestris var. sanguinea Arnold, Biatora rupestris var. terricola Anzi, Biatora viridiflavescens (Wulfen) Fr., Biatorina irrubata (Ach.) Arnold, Callopisma rupestre (Scop.) Walt. Watson, Callopisma rupestre f. rupestre (Scop.) Walt. Watson, Callopisma rupestre var. rupestre (Scop.) Walt. Watson, Caloplaca irrubata (Ach.) Kieffer, Caloplaca rupestris (Scop.) Puget, Lecanora irrubata (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora irrubata f. irrubata (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora irrubata subsp. irrubata (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora rupestris (Scop.) Nyl., Lecanora rupestris f. rupestris (Scop.) Nyl., Lecidea irrubata (Ach.) Lam., Lecidea rupestris (Scop.) Ach., Lecidea rupestris f. alpina (Arnold) Vain., Lecidea rupestris f. calva Dicks., Lecidea rupestris f. lutescens (Vain.) Vain., Lecidea rupestris f. rupestris (Scop.) Ach., Lecidea rupestris subsp. rupestris (Scop.) Ach., Lecidea rupestris subsp. terricola (Anzi) Th. Fr., Lecidea rupestris var. irrubata (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea rupestris var. rupestris (Scop.) Ach., Lecidea rupestris var. viridiflavescens (Wulfen) J. Steiner, Lecidea sabuletorum var. rupestris (Scop.) Schaer., Lecidea viridiflavescens (Wulfen) Ach., Lichen irrubatus Ach., Lichen rupestris Scop., Lichen viridiflavescens Wulfen, Patellaria irrubata (Ach.) duby, Patellaria rupestris (Scop.) DC., Placodium rupestre (Scop.) Branth & Rostr., Placodium rupestre f. rupestre (Scop.) Branth & Rostr., Placodium rupestre var. rupestre (Scop.) Branth & Rostr., Protoblastenia irrubata (Ach.) Zahlbr., Protoblastenia rupestris var. irrubata (Ach.) Szatala]
[Lecidea alpestris var. brachyspora I.M. Lamb, Lecidea limosa Ach., Lecidea limosa f. albocincta (Vain.) Vain., Lecidea limosa f. bilocularis Vain., Lecidea limosa f. limosa Ach., Lecidea limosa subsp. alpestris (Sommerf.) Vain., Lecidea limosa subsp. limosa Ach., Lecidea limosa var. albocincta Vain., Lecidea limosa var. limosa Ach., Lecidella limosa (Ach.) Arnold]
[Collema brunneum (Sw.) Mérat, Lecanora pezizoides (Baumg.) Borrer, Lecidea coronata (Hoffm.) Taylor, Lepidoma brunneum (Sw.) Bagl., Lichen brunneus Sw., Lichen coronatus (Hoffm.) Ach., Lichen pezizoides Weber, Pannaria brunnea (Sw.) A. Massal., Pannaria brunnea var. brunnea (Sw.) A. Massal., Pannaria brunnea var. convexa Hav., Pannaria brunnea var. pulverulenta C. Knight, Pannaria pezizoides (Weber) Trevisan, Pannaria pezizoides f. coronata (Ach.) Trevis., Pannaria pezizoides f. pezizoides (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Trevis., Pannaria pezizoides f. pseudonebulosa Gyeln., Pannaria pezizoides f. saxicolens Gyeln., Pannaria pezizoides var. pezizoides (Weber ex F.H. Wigg.) Trevis., Pannaria pezizoides var. pulverulenta (C. Knight) Zahlbr., Parmelia brunnea (Sw.) Ach., Parmelia pezizoides (Baumg.) Mart., Protoparmelia pezizoides (Weber) Etayo & Nav.-Ros., Psora brunnea (Sw.) Hoffm., Psora coronata (Hoffm.) Hoffm., Psoroma brunneum (Sw.) Gray, Trachyderma brunneum (Sw.) Norman, Verrucaria coronata Hoffm.]
source: Jørgensen (2000c)
[Lecanora atriseda (Fr.) Nyl., Lecanora atriseda var. atriseda (Fr.) Nyl., Lecanora atriseda var. cinerescens Harm., Parmelia badia var. atriseda Fr.]
[Lecanora badia (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecanora badia f. badia (Pers.) Ach., Lecanora badia f. pallescens Harm., Lecanora badia f. rosacea Lynge, Lecanora badia subsp. badia (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecanora badia subsp. picea, Lecanora badia var. badia (Pers.) Ach., Lecanora badia var. biatorina Kremp., Lecanora badia var. cinerascens Flot., Lecanora badia var. cinereobadia Harm., Lecanora badia var. crassa Hellb., Lecanora badia var. cupreobadia (Nyl.) Boistel, Lecanora badia var. fuscobrunnea Nyl., Lecanora badia var. major (Schaer.) Rabenh., Lecanora badia var. picea (Dicks.) Link, Lecanora badia var. spermogonians Räsänen, Lecanora grandis H. Magn., Lecanora picea (Dicks.) Nyl., Lichen badius (Hoffm.) Ach., Lichen piceus Dicks., Parmelia badia (Hoffm.) Hepp, Parmelia badia var. badia (Hoffm.) Hepp, Parmelia badia var. major Schaer., Patellaria badia (Hoffm.) DC., Rinodina badia (Hoffm.) Gray, Solenopsora badia (Hoffm.) M. Choisy & Werner, Solenopsora badia f. badia (Hoffm.) M. Choisy & Werner, Solenopsora badia f. pallescens (Harm.) M. Choisy & Werner, Solenopsora badia var. badia (Hoffm.) M. Choisy & Werner, Solenopsora badia var. cinerascens (Flot.) M. Choisy, Verrucaria badia Hoffm.]
[Maronina capitata (Lendemer) Divakar, Crespo & Lumbsch, Neoprotoparmelia capitata (Lendemer) Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I. Schmitt]
source: Lendemer & Lumbsch (2008)
source: Brodo & Aptroot (2005)
[Maronina isidiata (Diederich, Aptroot & Sérus.) Divakar, A. Crespo & Lumbsch, Neoprotoparmelia isidiata (Diederich, Aptroot & Sérus.) Garima Singh, Lumbsch & I. Schmitt]
source: Lendemer & Lumbsch (2008)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: McCune (2017)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: McCune (2017)
[Lecanora nephaea Sommerf., Lecanora nephaea var. isidiosa Sandst., Lecanora nephaea var. nephaea Sommerf., Parmelia nephaea (Sommerf.) Fr.]
[Lecanora ochrococca (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Lecidea ochrococca Nyl.]
[Lecanora bipruinosa Fink]
source: Kondratyuk et al. (2012)
[Lecanora crustacea (Savicz) Zahlbr.]
source: Kondratyuk et al. (2012)
[Lecanora dispersoareolata (Schaer.) Lamy, Lecanora muralis var. dispersoareolata Schaer., Parmelia muralis var. dispersoareolata Schaer., Placodium dispersoareolatum (Schaer.) Körb., Placolecanora dispersoareolata (Schaer.) Kopach., Squamaria dispersoareolata (Schaer.) Anzi]
source: Kondratyuk et al. (2012)
[Lecanora garovaglii (Körb.) Zahlbr., Lecanora garovaglii f. garovaglii (Körb.) Zahlbr., Lecanora garovaglii subsp. cascadensis (H. Magn.) B.D. Ryan & T.H. Nash, Lecanora garovaglii subsp. garovaglii (Körb.) Zahlbr., Lecanora nevadensis H. Magn.]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
[Lecanora geiserae B.D. Ryan]
source: Kondratyuk et al. (2012)
[Lecanora gyrophorica Lendemer]
source: Kondratyuk et al. (2013)
[Lecanora kofae B.D. Ryan & T.H. Nash]
[Lecanora laatokkaënsis (Räsänen) Poelt, Protoparmeliopsis laatokkensis (Räsänen) Moberg & R. Sant.]
[Lecanora mazatzalensis B.D. Ryan & T.H. Nash]
source: Kondratyuk et al. (2013)
[Gasparrinia saxicola (Pollich) Tornab., Lecanora diffracta Ach., Lecanora muralis (Schreber) Rabenh., Lecanora muralis f. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., Lecanora muralis subsp. dubyi (Müll. Arg.) Poelt, Lecanora muralis subsp. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., Lecanora muralis subsp. versicolor (Pers.) Cl. Roux, Lecanora muralis var. albomarginata (Nyl. ex Th. Fr.) Tomin, Lecanora muralis var. areolata (Leight.) J. Steiner, Lecanora muralis var. muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., Lecanora muralis var. versicolor (Pers.) Tuck., Lecanora versicolor (Pers.) Ach., Placodium murorum var. pusillum (Trevis.) Malbr.]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
[Lecanora peltata (Ramond) Steudel, Lecanora peltata var. laevior (Nyl.) Stizenb., Lecanora peltata var. peltata (Ramond) Steud., Rhizoplaca peltata (Ramond) Leuckert & Poelt, Rhizoplaca peltata var. peltata (Ramond) Leuckert & Poelt]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
[Lecanora pinguis Tuck.]
source: Kondratyuk et al. (2013)
[Acrorixis corrosa (Körb.) Trevis., Limboria corrosa Körb., Microglaena breadalbanensis Wheldon & A. Wilson, Microglaena corrosa (Körb.) Arnold, Microglaena corrosa var. carnea B. de Lesd., Microglaena corrosa var. corrosa (Körb.) Arnold, Polyblastia corrosa (Körb.) Arnold, Thelenella corrosa (Körb.) Vain.]
[Metasphaeria croceae (Bagl. & Carestia) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Pleospora croceae (Bagl. & Carestia) Vouaux, Polyblastia croceae (Bagl. & Carestia) H. Olivier, Xenosphaeria croceae Bagl. & Carestia]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Dactyloblastus leucothelius (Nyl.) Anzi, Microglaena leucothelia (Nyl.) Arnold, Verrucaria leucothelia Nyl.]
source: Goward et al. (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Microglaena sphinctrinoidella (Nyl.) Arnold, Verrucaria pernigrata Nyl., Verrucaria sphinctrinoidella Nyl.]
source: Mayrhofer (1987)
[Chromatochlamys sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Trevis., Gloeopyrenia gelatinosa (Zahlbr.) Zschacke, Microglaena gelatinosa Zahlbr., Microglaena sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Lönnr., Microglaena sphinctrinoides subsp. sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Lönnr., Polyblastia sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Jatta, Thelenella sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Vain., Verrucaria sphinctrinoides Nyl., Weitenwebera sphinctrinoides (Nyl.) Körb.]
[Unguiculariopsis nephromatis Zhurb. & Zavarzin]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Huhtinen et al. (2008)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Huhtinen et al. (2008)
[Alectoria lanata var. minuscula (Arnold) Nyl., Alectoria minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Degel., Alectoria minuscula f. applanata (Lynge) I.M. Lamb, Alectoria minuscula f. biformis (Vain.) I.M. Lamb, Alectoria minuscula f. congesta (Zahlbr.) I.M. Lamb, Alectoria minuscula f. crustacea (Lynge) Degel., Alectoria minuscula f. minuscula (Nyl. ex Arnold) Degel., Cornicularia lanata var. minuscula (Arnold) Hue, Imbricaria lanata var. minuscula Arnold, Parmelia minuscula (Arnold) Nyl., Parmelia minuscula f. aperta Lynge, Parmelia minuscula f. applanata Lynge, Parmelia minuscula f. crustacea Lynge, Parmelia minuscula f. luxurians Lynge, Parmelia minuscula f. minuscula (Arnold) Nyl., Parmelia minuscula f. minutissima Räsänen, Parmelia minuscula subsp. minuscula (Arnold) Nyl., Parmelia minuscula var. minuscula (Arnold) Nyl.]
[Alectoria chalybeiformis f. intricans Vain., Alectoria intricans (Vain.) Motyka, Alectoria pacifica Stizenb., Alectoria pubescens (L.) R. Howe, Alectoria pubescens f. pubescens (L.) R. Howe, Alectoria pubescens f. subciliata (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., Alectoria pubescens var. pubescens (L.) R. Howe, Alectoria pubescens var. reticulata (Wulfen) A.E. Wade, Bryopogon intricans (Vain.) Bystrek, Bryopogon jubatus f. intricans (Vain.) Gyeln., Bryopogon lanatus var. reticulatus (Wulfen) M. Sat, Bryopogon pubescens (L.) M. Choisy, Cetraria pubescens (L.) F. Desp., Collema pubescens (Ach.) Schaer., Ephebe pubescens (Ach.) Fr., Ephebe pubescens var. pubescens (Ach.) Fr., Lichen pubescens L., Lichen scaber Huds., Parmelia lanata var. parmelioides Cromb., Parmelia lanata var. reticulata (Wulfen) Cromb., Parmelia lanata var. subciliata Nyl., Parmelia pubescens (L.) Vain., Parmelia pubescens f. biformis Vain., Parmelia pubescens f. pubescens Pers., Parmelia pubescens f. subciliata (Nyl.) Hillmann, Parmelia pubescens var. congesta Zahlbr., Parmelia pubescens var. pubescens Pers., Parmelia pubescens var. reticulata (Wulfen) A.L. Sm., Pseudephebe pubescens f. subciliata (Nyl.) D. Hawksw.]
Not confirmed; original Esslinger list suggests that Parmelia lanata is a synonym, but Boluda (2016) cites only "Parmelia lanata f. minuscula" as synonym of Ps. minuscula, not Ps. pubescens.
[Evernia furfuracea var. cladonia Tuck., Parmelia cladonia (Tuck.) Du Rietz]
[Parmelia consocians Vain.]
[Evernia furfuracea var. intensa (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Evernia intensa Nyl., Parmelia intensa Nyl.]
[Pseudocyphellaria crocata f. citrina (Pers.) H. Magn., Sticta crocata f. citrina (Pers.) Zahlbr.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Lücking et al. (2017a)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Lücking et al. (2017a)
[Cyanisticta epiflavoides Gyeln.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Lücking et al. (2017a)
[Pseudocyphellaria perpetua McCune & Miądl.]
source: Moncada et al. (2014)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Lücking et al. (2017a)
[Sticta crocata var. mallota Tuck.]
source: Tønsberg (1999b)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Lücking et al. (2017a)
[Parmelia cubensis Nyl., Parmelia leucochlora Tuck.]
source: Elix & Nash (1997)
source: Elix & Nash (1997)
[Parmelia endoxantha G. Merr., Parmelia flavidoglauca Vain., Parmelia uleana Müll. Arg.]
source: Elix & Nash (1997)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko (2013)
[Arthopyrenia diluta (Fée) Harm., Pseudopyrenula albonitens Müll.Arg., Pseudopyrenula atroalba Vain., Pseudopyrenula diluta var. diluta (Fée) Müll.Arg., Pseudopyrenula erumpens Müll.Arg., Pseudopyrenula oahuensis H. Magn., Pseudopyrenula sitiana Vain., Pyrenula diluta (Fée) Tuck., Verrucaria diluta Fée]
[Arthopyrenia minutissima Vain., Pseudopyrenula araucariae Vain., Pseudopyrenula confluens G. Merr., Pseudopyrenula elliptica Müll.Arg., Pseudopyrenula flavicans Müll.Arg., Pseudopyrenula limitata Szatala, Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll.Arg., Pyrenula hagmannii Redinger]
source: Harris (1998)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Arthopyrenia minutissima Vain., Pseudopyrenula araucariae Vain., Pseudopyrenula confluens G. Merr., Pseudopyrenula diluta var. degenerans Vain., Pseudopyrenula elliptica Müll.Arg., Pseudopyrenula flavicans Müll.Arg., Pseudopyrenula limitata Szatala, Pyrenula hagmannii Redinger]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Arthopyrenia carpinea (Pers.) Müll.Arg., Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlbr., Porina carpinea (Pers. ex Ach.) Zahlbr., Porina carpinea f. carpinea (Pers.) Zahlbr., Porina carpinea f. fusca B. de Lesd., Porina carpinea f. subathallina (Ohlert) Lettau, Porina chlorotica var. carpinea (Pers.) Keissl., Pyrenula aenea (Wallr.) Rabenh., Pyrenula carpinea (Pers.) Trevis., Sagedia aenea (Wallr.) Körb., Sagedia carpinea (Pers.) A. Massal., Sagedia codonoidea (Leight.) Arnold, Segestria carpinea (Pers.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Spermatodium aeneum (Wallr.) Trevis., Spermatodium carpineum (Pers.) Trevis., Spermatodium codonoideum (Leight.) Trevis., Trichothelium aeneum (Wallr.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria aenea Wallr., Verrucaria carpinea Pers., Verrucaria carpinea f. carpinea Pers., Verrucaria carpinea f. subathallina Ohlert, Verrucaria chlorotica var. codonoidea (Leight.) Leight., Verrucaria codonoidea Leight.]
[Porina cestrensis (Tuck. ex Michener) Müll.Arg., Porina cestrensis var. cestrensis (Tuck.) Müll. Arg., Sagedia cestrensis Tuck., Trichothelium cestrense (Michener) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria cestrensis Tuck. ex E. Michener]
[Arthopyrenia chlorotica (Ach.) H. Olivier, Bacidia luteola f. chlorotica Zahlbr., Lithoicea chlorotica Stein, Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Porina chlorotica f. chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Porina chlorotica f. tenuifera (Nyl.) Swinscow, Porina chlorotica var. chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Porina tenuifera (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Porinula chlorotica (Ach.) Flagey, Pyrenula chlorotica (Ach.) Trevis., Sagedia chlorotica (Ach.) A. Massal., Sagedia macularis var. chlorotica (Ach.) Körb., Sagedia persicina var. chlorotica (Ach.) Jatta, Sagedia tenuifera (Nyl.) Arnold, Segestrella chlorotica (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Segestria chlorotica (Ach.) Hellb., Segestria macularis var. chlorotica (Ach.) Zwackh, Spermatodium maculare var. chloroticum (Ach.) Trevis., Trichothelium chloroticum (Ach.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria chlorotica Ach., Verrucaria chlorotica subsp. chlorotica Ach., Verrucaria chlorotica var. chlorotica Ach., Verrucaria margacea var. chlorotica (Ach.) Rabenh., Verrucaria tenuifera Nyl.]
[Amphoridium koerberi (Hepp) A. Massal., Porina grandis var. lucens Taylor, Porina guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr., Porina guentheri var. guentheri (Flot.) Zahlbr., Porina guentheri var. lucens (Taylor) Swinscow, Porina koerberi (Flot.) Lettau, Sagedia koerberi (Flot.) Körb., Sagedia koerberi f. koerberi (Flot.) Körb., Segestria koerberi (Flot.) Hellb., Spermatodium koerberi (Flot.) Trevis., Spermatodium koerberi var. guentheri (Flot.) Trevis., Trichothelium guentheri (Flotow) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria guentheri Flot., Verrucaria koerberi Hepp]
[Trichothelium isidiatum R.C. Harris]
[Phylloporina nitidula (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Phylloporina nitidula f. nitidula (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Phylloporina nitidula f. validior Zahlbr., Porina nitidula Müll.Arg., Trichothelium nitidulum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris]
[Porina rhaphidosperma Müll.Arg., Trichothelium rhaphidospermum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris]
[Porina thaxteri R. Sant., Trichothelium thaxteri (R. Sant.) R.C. Harris]
[Graphis herpetica (Ach.) Spreng., Hysterina herpetica (Ach.) Gray, Lichen herpeticus Ach., Opegrapha contexta Stirt., Opegrapha herpetica (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha herpetica f. arthonoidea (Schaer.) Schaer., Opegrapha herpetica f. elegans Borrer, Opegrapha herpetica f. herpetica (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha herpetica f. olivacea Makar., Opegrapha herpetica f. rubella Flot., Opegrapha herpetica f. subocellata Ach., Opegrapha herpetica var. disparata Ach., Opegrapha herpetica var. herpetica (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha rimalis var. fuscata Turner ex Ach., Opegrapha rufescens Pers., Opegrapha rufescens f. fuscata (Turner ex Ach.) J. Nowak, Opegrapha rufescens f. herpetica (Ach.) J. Nowak, Opegrapha rufescens f. rubella (Flot.) Grummann, Opegrapha rufescens f. subocellata (Ach.) Schaer., Opegrapha rufescens var. arthonioidea Schaer., Opegrapha rufescens var. fuscata Schaer., Opegrapha rufescens var. subocellata (Ach.) Schaer., Opegrapha siderella Ach., Opegrapha vulgata var. siderella (Ach.) Nyl.]
[Cyphelium occidentale Herre, Thelomma occidentale (Herre) Tibell]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21); North American records of Cyphelium caliciforme probably belong here.
[Acolium ocellatum Körb., Cyphelium ocellatum (Körb.) Trevis., Thelomma ocellatum (Körb.) Tibell, Trachylia ocellata (Körb.) Flot.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21)
[Biatora clavulifera (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecidea adirondackii H. Magn., Lecidea clavulifera Nyl., Lecidea clavulifera f. clavulifera Nyl., Lecidea clavulifera f. subviridicans Nyl., Micarea clavulifera (Nyl.) Coppins & P. James]
[Biatora lucida (Ach.) Fr., Biatora lucida var. lucida (Ach.) Fr., Biatora lucida var. theiotea (Ach.) Räsänen, Lecidea lucida Ach., Lecidea lucida f. lucida (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea lucida f. theiotea (Ach.) Zahlbr., Lecidea lucida var. lucida (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea lucida var. theiotea Ach., Lichen lucidus Ach., Patellaria lucida (Ach.) Spreng., Patellaria theiotea (Ach.) Wallr., Patellaria theiotea var. lucida (Ach.) Wallr.]
source: Timdal (2002a)
[Biatora crenata (Taylor) Tuck., Endocarpon crenatum Taylor, Lecidea coroniformis Kremp., Lecidea crenata (Taylor) Stizenb., Lecidea crenata var. coroniformis (Kremp.) Zahlbr., Lecidea crenata var. crenata (DC.) Steud., Lecidea crenata var. speirea (Taylor) Zahlbr., Phyllopsora coroniformis (Kremp.) Zahlbr., Psora elegans Müll.Arg.]
[Biatora decipiens (Hedw.) Fr., Lecidea decipiens Ach., Lecidea decipiens f. circumpruinata Servít, Lecidea decipiens f. decipiens (Hedw.) Ach., Lecidea decipiens f. endorubescens Servít, Lecidea decipiens var. albomarginata (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr., Lecidea decipiens var. decipiens (Hedw.) Ach., Lecidea decipiens var. galactina Zahlbr., Lecidea decipiens var. olympica Szatala ex Gyeln., Lepidoma decipiens (Hedw.) Gray, Lichen decipiens Hedw., Parmelia decipiens (Hedw.) Mart., Patellaria decipiens (Hedw.) Wallr., Peltiphylla decipiens (Hedw.) M. Choisy, Peltiphylla decipiens var. albomarginata (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy, Peltiphylla decipiens var. decipiens (Hedw.) M. Choisy, Psora decipiens var. albomarginata Müll.Arg., Schaereria decipiens (Hedw.) Gyeln., Schaereria decipiens var. decipiens (Hedw.) Gyeln., Schaereria decipiens var. olympica (Szatala) Gyeln.]
source: Zhurbenko (2009a)
[Biatora globifera (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea globifera Ach., Patellaria globifera (Ach.) Spreng., Placodium globiferum (Ach.) Link]
source: Timdal (2002a)
[Biatora icterica Mont., Lecidea icterica (Mont.) Taylor, Schaereria icterica (Mont.) Gyeln., Schaereria icterica f. argentina (Gyeln.) Gyeln., Schaereria icterica f. icterica (Mont.) Gyeln., Schaereria icterica var. argentina Gyeln., Schaereria icterica var. icterica (Mont.) Gyeln.]
[Lecidea luridella Tuck.]
[Lecidea nipponica Zahlbr., Lecidea novomexicana (B. de Lesd.) R.A. Anderson, Psora novomexicana B. de Lesd.]
source: Timdal (2002a)
[Baeomyces rubiformis Wahlenb. ex Ach., Biatora rubiformis (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Jatta, Cenomyce rubiformis (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Ach., Hypocenomyce rubiformis (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) M. Choisy, Lecidea rubiformis Wahlenb. s.l., Lepidoma rubiforme (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Gray, Lichen rubiformis (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Sm.]
[Biatora russellii Tuck., Lecidea russellii Tuck.]
[Lecidea conglomerata Sommerf., Thalloidima conglomeratum (Ach.) A. Massal., Toninia conglomerata (Ach.) Boistel]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Leucocarpia dictyospora (Orange) R. Sant., Macentina dictyospora Orange]
source: Harada (2003)
[Leucocarpia stigonemoides (Orange) Hafellner & Kalb, Macentina stigonemoides Orange]
source: Björk et al. (2009)
source: Jørgensen (2000c)
[Amphiloma hypnorum (Vahl) Nägeli, Courtoisia hypnorum (Vahl) L. Marchand, Lecanora hypnorum (Vahl) Ach., Lecanora hypnorum f. hypnorum (Vahl) Ach., Lichen hypnorum Vahl, Pannaria hypnorum (Vahl) Körb., Pannaria hypnorum f. hypnorum (Vahl) Körb., Pannaria hypnorum var. hypnorum (Vahl) Körb., Parmelia hypnorum (Vahl) Ach., Patellaria hypnorum (Vahl) DC., Squamaria hypnorum (Vahl) Hook., Trachyderma hypnorum (Vahl) Norman, Zeora hypnorum (Vahl) Flot.]
[Lecanora paleacea (Fr.) Hook. & Taylor, Parmelia paleacea Fr., Psora paleaceum (Fr.) Nyl., Psoroma coralloideum Nyl., Psoroma hypnorum var. coralloideum Nyl., Psoroma hypnorum var. paleaceum (Fr.) Rostr.]
[Biatora schaereri (A. Massal.) Hepp, Collemopsis schaereri (A. Massal.) Cromb., Pannaria schaereri A. Massal., Pannaria schaereri var. arenaria Arnold, Pannaria schaereri var. schaereri A. Massal., Pyrenopsis schaereri (A. Massal.) Nyl., Synalissa schaereri (A. Massal.) Tuck., Trachyderma schaereri (A. Massal.) Trevis.]
source: Schultz (2007c)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Knudsen et al. (2017)
[Biatora rufonigra Tuck., Lecidea brouardii (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Lecidea rufonigra (Tuck.) Nyl., Psora rufonigra (Tuck.) A. Schneid.]
source: Schultz (2006)
source: Schultz (2006)
[Forssellia neglecta Erichsen]
source: McCune (1997b)
[Parmelia appalachensis Culb.]
[Parmelia bolliana Müll. Arg., Parmelia frondifera G. Merr.]
[Imbricaria borreri (Sm.) Körb., Lichen borreri Sm., Parmelia borreri (Sm.) Turner, Parmelia borreri f. borreri (Sm.) Turner, Parmelia borreri var. borreri (Sm.) Turner, Parmelia borreri var. pseudoborreri (Asahina) Targé & Lambinon, Parmelia pseudoborreri Asahina]
source: Lendemer & Hodkinson (2010)
source: Hodkinson & Lendemer (2011)
[Parmelia graminicola B. de Lesd., Parmelia semansiana W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.]
[Parmelia borreri subsp. hypoleucites (Nyl.) Nyl., Parmelia hypoleucites Nyl.]
[Parmelia borreri var. ulophylla (Ach.) Nyl., Parmelia borreri var. ulophylla Kremp., Parmelia caperata var. ulophylla Ach., Parmelia dubia f. ulophylla Sandst., Parmelia dubia var. ulophylla (Ach.) Harm., Parmelia subrudecta f. ulophylla (Sandst.) Rass., Parmelia ulophylla F. Wilson, Punctelia nashii Marcelli & Canêz, Punctelia ulophylla (Ach.) Herk & Aptroot, Sticta jeckeri Roum.]
source: Lendemer & Hodkinson (2010)
source: Adler (1997), van Herk & Aptroot (2000), Aptroot (2003)
[Parmelia borreri var. ulophylla (Ach.) Nyl., Parmelia borreri var. ulophylla Kremp., Parmelia caperata var. ulophylla Ach., Parmelia dubia f. ulophylla Sandst., Parmelia dubia var. ulophylla (Ach.) Harm., Parmelia subrudecta f. ulophylla (Sandst.) Rass., Parmelia ulophylla F. Wilson, Punctelia jeckeri (Roum.) Kalb, Punctelia ulophylla (Ach.) Herk & Aptroot, Sticta jeckeri Roum.]
source: Marcelli et al. (2011)
[Parmelia duboscqii var. perreticulata Räsänen, Parmelia perreticulata (Räsänen) Hale]
[Parmelia punctilla Hale]
[Parmelia borreri var. reddenda (Stirt.) Boistel, Parmelia reddenda Stirt.]
[Imbricaria rudecta (Ach.) Jatta, Parmelia borreri subsp. rudecta (Ach.) Fink, Parmelia borreri var. rudecta (Ach.) Tuck., Parmelia rudecta Ach., Parmelia rudecta f. rudecta Ach., Parmelia rudecta var. rudecta Ach.]
[Imbricaria borreri var. stictica (Delise ex Duby) Flot., Parmelia borreri var. stictica Delise ex Duby, Parmelia dubia var. stictica (Delise ex Duby) Schaer., Parmelia stictica (Delise ex Duby) Nyl., Parmotrema sticticum (Delise ex Duby) M. Choisy]
[Parmelia subpraesignis Nyl.]
source: Buck & Lendemer (2012)
source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Hypocenomyce praestabilis (Nyl.) Timdal, Lecidea praestabilis Nyl., Lecidea xanthococca var. praestabilis (Nyl.) Vain.]
[Hypocenomyce sorophora (Vain.) P. James & Poelt, Lecidea xanthococca subsp. sorophora Vain.]
[Hypocenomyce xanthococca (Sommerf.) P. James & Gotth. Schneider, Lecidea xanthococca Sommerf., Lecidea xanthococca f. immutata Vain., Lecidea xanthococca f. xanthococca Sommerf., Lecidea xanthococca subsp. xanthococca Sommerf., Lecidea xanthococca var. immutata (Vain.) Vain., Lecidea xanthococca var. xanthococca Sommerf., Lecidella xanthococca (Sommerf.) Körb., Psora xanthococca (Sommerf.) Arnold]
[Biatora epimarta (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Buellia epimarta (Nyl.) Malme, Cladonia heteromorpha G. Merr., Cladonia madreporiformis (With.) DC., Cladonia molariformis Hoffm., Cladonia papillaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Cladonia papillaria f. chthonoblastes Erichsen, Cladonia papillaria f. molariformis (Hoffm.) Schaer., Cladonia papillaria f. papillaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Lecidea epimarta Nyl., Lichen madreporiformis With., Lichen papillarius Ehrh., Pycnothelia madreporiformis (With.) Dufour, Pycnothelia papillaria f. molariformis (Hoffm.) Schaer., Pycnotheliomyces papillariae Cif. & Tomas.]
[Myriotrema pycnoporellum (Nyl.) Hale, Thelotrema pycnoporellum Nyl.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21)
[Dacampiosphaeria rivana (De Not.) D. Hawksw., Didymosphaeria neottizans (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Leptosphaeria baeomycearia (Linds.) Sacc. & Trotter, Leptosphaeria caninae (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Sacc., Leptosphaeria leucomelaria (Mudd) Vouaux, Leptosphaeria neottizans (Leight.) Zopf, Leptosphaeria oligospora (Vain.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Leptosphaeria rivana (De Not.) Sacc., Leptosphaeria rivana f. rivana (De Not.) Sacc., Leptosphaeria rivana f. solorinae Rehm, Microthelia baeomycearia Linds., Phaeospora baeomycearia (Linds.) Arnold, Phaeospora leucomelaria (Mudd) Sacc. & P. Syd., Pyrenidiomyces actinelli Cif. & Tomas., Pyrenidium rivanum (De Not.) Nav.-Ros., Cl. Roux & Diederich, Pyrenidum actinellum Nyl., Sphaeria caninae Plowr. & W. Phillips, Sphaeria leucomelaria Mudd, Sphaeria rivana De Not., Tichothecium leucomelarium (Mudd) Berl. & Voglino, Trypethelium peltigereum G. Merr., Verrucaria neottizans Leight.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2010g)
[Zwackhiomacromyces hyalosporus (Alstrup, D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.) Etayo & F. Berger]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Biatora flotowiana (Hepp) Th. Fr., Collemopsis flotowiana (Hepp) Hue, Encliopyrenia thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Trevis., Lecanora thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Hook. f., Lichen thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Sm., Montinia flotowiana (Hepp) A. Massal., Parmelia thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Spreng., Porocyphus flotowianum (Hepp) Stein, Psorotichia flotowiana (Hepp) Müll.Arg., Pyrenocarpon flotowianum (Hepp) Trevis., Pyrenocarpon thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Coppins & Aptroot, Pyrenopsis flotowiana (Hepp) Nyl., Pyrenula umbonata Ach., Sagedia thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Trevis., Segestrella thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Fr., Segestria thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) Fr., Thelochroa flotowiana (Hepp) Körb., Thrombium thelostoma (Ach. ex J. Harriman) A.L. Sm., Verrucaria flotowiana Hepp, Verrucaria thelostoma Ach. ex J. Harriman]
source: Dillman et al. (2012)
source: Harris (1995a)
[Arthopyrenia prospersella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
[Arthopyrenia tichothecioides Arnold, Xanthopyrenia tichothecioides (Arnold) Bachm.]
[Caloplaca (Pyrenodesmia) montana (B. de Lesd.) ined.]
Pyrenodesmia montana B. de Lesd. should be transferred to Caloplaca, but the name Caloplaca montana B. de Lesd. already exists; a replacment name is necessary.
[Callopisma paepalostomum (Anzi) Jatta, Callopisma variabile (Pers.) Trevis., Callopisma variabile var. variabile (Pers.) Trevis., Caloplaca alpestris f. ochracea (Müll. Arg.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Caloplaca chalybaea f. ochracea (Müll. Arg.) Ozenda & Clauzade, Caloplaca variabilis (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Caloplaca variabilis f. fulva (Anzi) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Caloplaca variabilis f. fusca (A. Massal.) Jatta, Caloplaca variabilis f. paepalostoma (Anzi) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Caloplaca variabilis f. variabilis (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Caloplaca variabilis subsp. variabilis (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Caloplaca variabilis var. ocellulata (Ach.) Boistel, Caloplaca variabilis var. ochracea Müll. Arg., Caloplaca variabilis var. variabilis (Pers.) Müll. Arg., Collema variabile (Pers.) DC., Lecanora ocellulata (Ach.) Wedd., Lecanora variabilis (Pers.) Ach., Lecanora variabilis f. variabilis (Pers.) Ach., Lecanora variabilis var. variabilis (Pers.) Ach., Lichen variabilis Pers., Parmelia variabilis (Pers.) Ach., Patellaria variabilis (Pers.) Wallr., Placodium aegyptiacum var. ochraceum (Müll. Arg.) Szatala, Placodium fulvum Anzi, Placodium paepalostomum Anzi, Placodium paepalostomum var. paepalostomum Anzi, Placodium variabile (Pers.) Hepp, Placodium variabile var. candidum (Stizenb.) Szatala, Placodium variabile var. continuum (Harm.) Szatala, Placodium variabile var. fuscum (A. Massal.) Szatala, Placodium variabile var. granulosum (Arnold) Szatala, Placodium variabile var. ochraceum (Müll. Arg.) Szatala, Placodium variabile var. variabile (Pers.) Hepp, Psora variabilis (Pers.) Hoffm., Pyrenodesmia paepalostoma (Anzi) Arnold, Pyrenodesmia variabilis f. fusca A. Massal., Pyrenodesmia variabilis f. variabilis (Pers.) Körb., Pyrenodesmia variabilis var. cyclysca B. de Lesd., Pyrenodesmia variabilis var. ocellulata (Ach.) M. Choisy, Pyrenodesmia variabilis var. ochracea (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy, Pyrenodesmia variabilis var. variabilis (Pers.) Körb., Urceolaria ocellata var. ocellulata Ach., Zeora variabilis (Pers.) Flot., Zeora variabilis var. agardhiana Flot., Zeora variabilis var. variabilis (Pers.) Flot.]
[Collema furfureum Nyl., Pyrenopsidium furfureum (Nyl.) Forssell, Pyrenopsidium homoeopsis (Nyl.) Forssell, Pyrenopsis homoeopsis Nyl.]
[Pyrenopsis multispora Coppins]
[Pyrenopsidium haematopis (Sommerf.) Th. Fr., Pyrenopsis haematopis (Sommerf.) Th. Fr., Pyrenopsis haematopis var. haematopis (Sommerf.) Th. Fr., Pyrenopsis haematopis var. terrigena Th. Fr.]
source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Synalissa polycocca Nyl.]
North Carolina. Anson Co.: Perlmutter 1827 (NCU); Wake Co.: Perlmutter 1899 (NCU); Georgia. Columbia Co.: Perlmutter 1644 (NCU). New to North America (communicated G. Perlmutter; specimens identified by Matthias Schultz).
[Gloeopyrenia reducta (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr., Microglaena reducta Th. Fr., Microglaena sphinctrinoides subsp. reducta Th. Fr., Protothelenella reducta (Th. Fr.) Räsänen, Verrucaria reducta (Th. Fr.) Vain.]
source: Hutten et al. (2013)
[Collemopsis fuscatula (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Collemopsis subareolata (Nyl.) Malbr., Pyrenopsis fuscatula Nyl., Pyrenopsis haematopsis]
source: Schultz (2009)
source: Schultz (2007d)
[Lichenothrix riddlei Henssen, Pleosphaeria lichenothricis Henssen]
source: Aptroot (1996)
[Parathelium martinicanum Vain., Pyrenula adacta var. adacta Fée, Pyrenula caraibica Aptroot & Etayo, Pyrenula marginatula Müll.Arg., Pyrenula martinicana (Vain.) R.C. Harris]
source: Aptroot (2012)
[Melanotheca achariana Fée, Melanotheca anomala (Ach.) A. Massal., Mycoporum anomalum (Ach.) Trevis., Pyrenula achariana (Fée) Vain., Pyrenula achariana var. achariana (Fée) Vain., Pyrenula achariana var. angolensis Vain., Trypethelium anomalum Ach., Trypethelium anomalum f. anomalum Ach., Trypethelium anomalum var. anomalum Ach., Trypethelium anomalum var. leucostomum Nyl., Trypethelium anomalum var. obscurescens (Vain.) Zahlbr.]
[Polyblastia aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.) Trevis., Pyrenula aquila R.C. Harris, Pyrenula nitida var. aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.) Trevis., Verrucaria aspistea Afzel. ex Ach., Verrucaria nitida subsp. aspistea (Afzel. ex Ach.) Nyl.]
[Heufleria pentagrastica Müll. Arg., Heufleridium pentagastricum (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Parmentaria astroidea Fée, Verrucaria aspistea var. astroidea (Fée) Nyl.]
source: Aptroot (1996)
[Pseudopyrenula balia (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula santensis (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Verrucaria balia Kremp., Verrucaria marginata var. santensis Nyl., Verrucaria santensis (Nyl.) Nyl.]
source: Aptroot (2012)
[Anthracothecium breutelii Müll.Arg., Anthracothecium maculare Zahlbr., Pyrenula macularis (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris]
source: Aptroot (2012)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
source: Aptroot (1996)
[Pyrenula maculata (R.C. Harris) R.C. Harris, Pyrenula nitida f. chlorospila (Nyl.) Keissl., Pyrenula nitidella f. chlorospila (Nyl.) Szatala, Verrucaria chlorospila Nyl.]
source: Aptroot (2012)
[Parathelium subferrugineum Malme, Pyrenula subferruginea (Malme) R.C. Harris]
source: Aptroot (2012)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Aptroot & Common (2017)
[Anthracothecium confine (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Anthracothecium corticatum Müll.Arg., Bottaria confinis (Nyl.) Vain., Pyrenula corticata (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris, Sporodictyon confine (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria confinis Nyl.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Melanotheca connivens (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Melanotheca cruenta (Mont.) Müll.Arg., Melanotheca ornata Müll.Arg., Melanotheca rubra (C. Knight) C. Knight, Melanotheca subincruenta (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Pyrenula circumrubens (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Pyrenula circumrubens var. circumrubens (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Pyrenula circumrubens var. rubrotecta (Stirt.) Shirley, Stromatothelium cruentum (Mont.) Trevis., Trypethelium cinnabarinum C. Knight ex F.M. Bailey, Trypethelium connivens Stirt., Trypethelium cruentatum Nyl., Trypethelium cruentum Mont., Trypethelium cruentum var. subdecolor Nyl., Trypethelium rubescens C. Knight, Trypethelium rubrum C. Knight, Trypethelium subincruentum Nyl., Verrucaria circumrubens Nyl., Verrucaria circumrubens var. circumrubens Nyl., Verrucaria circumrubens var. rubrotecta Stirt.]
[Bottaria cruentata Müll. Arg.]
[Pyrenastrum cubanum Müll. Arg.]
[Parathelium cuyabense Malme]
[Pseudopyrenula galactina Shirley, Pyrenula achroopora (Nyl.) Arnold, Pyrenula glabratula (Nyl.) Arnold, Pyrenula lucifera R.C. Harris, Pyrenula nitida var. dermatodes (Borrer) Trevis., Verrucaria achroopora Nyl., Verrucaria dermatodes Borrer, Verrucaria glabrata var. dermatodes (Borrer) Leight., Verrucaria glabratula Nyl., Verrucaria nitida var. dermatodes (Borrer) Leight.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
source: Seavey & Seavey (2014a)
[Anthracothecium duplicans (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Verrucaria duplicans Nyl.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Parathelium emergens Nyl. ex Müll. Arg.]
[Pyrenula citriformis R.C. Harris, Pyrenula sandwicensis Zahlbr., Pyrenula subcongruens Müll.Arg., Verrucaria fetivica Kremp.]
source: Aptroot (2012)
[Anthracothecium globiferum (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Sporodictyon globiferum (Eschw.) Trevis., Verrucaria globifera Eschw.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
source: Harris (1995a)
[Pyrenula alba var. laevigata (Pers.) Trevis., Verrucaria laevigata Pers.]
[Anthracothecium leucostomum (Ach.) Malme, Anthracothecium libricola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Anthracothecium libricola f. libricola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Anthracothecium pachycheilum (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Bottaria libricola (Fée) Vain., Bottaria libricola f. libricola (Fée) Vain., Parmentaria rappii Zahlbr., Pyrenula libricola Fée, Pyrenula pachycheila Tuck., Verrucaria leucostoma (Ach.) Mont., Verrucaria libricola (Fée) Nyl.]
[Pyrenula kunthii (Fée) Fée, Pyrenula marginata Hook., Pyrenula marginata var. fulva (Kremp.) Overeem, Pyrenula marginata var. marginata Hook., Trypethelium ocellatum Zenker, Verrucaria kunthii Fée, Verrucaria mamillana Ach., Verrucaria marginata (Hook. f.) Hepp, Verrucaria marginata var. convexa Nyl., Verrucaria marginata var. fulva Kremp., Verrucaria marginata var. marginata (Hook. f.) Hepp]
source: (fide R. Harris)
[Parathelium microcarpum Riddle]
source: Seavey & Seavey (2014a)
[Anthracothecium dimorphum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Bottaria dimorpha Vain., Melanomma nitidulum Bres., Melanotheca griseola (Vain.) Zahlbr., Pyrenula andamanica Ajay Singh & Upreti, Pyrenula cinereoglauca Zahlbr., Pyrenula dealbata (C. Knight) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula griseola Vain., Pyrenula paraensis Müll.Arg., Pyrenula platysporella Zahlbr., Pyrenula plittii R.C. Harris, Pyrenula subsimplex Vain., Verrucaria inflata Stirt.]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Pyrenula harrisii Hafellner & Kalb, Pyrenula neglecta subsp. occidentalis R.C. Harris]
[Anthracothecium ochraceoflavum (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula ochraceoflava var. pacifica P.M. McCarthy, Sporodictyon ochraceoflavum (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria ochraceoflava Nyl., Verrucaria ochraceoflava f. ochraceoflava Nyl.]
[Anthracothecium ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) Müll. Arg., Bottaria ochraceoflavens (Nyl.) Vain., Bottaria ochraceoflavens subsp. ochraccoflavens (Nyl.) Vain., Verrucaria ochraceoflavens Nyl.]
[Bottaria parvinuclea (Meyen & Flot.) Vain.]
source: Seavey & Seavey (2014a)
source: Seavey & Seavey (2014a)
[Clypeosphaeria pseudobufonia Rehm, Pyrenula neglecta R.C. Harris, Pyrenula neglecta subsp. neglecta R.C. Harris]
[Pyrenula punctella var. punctella (Nyl.) Trevis., Verrucaria punctella Nyl.]
[Anthracothecium pyrenuloides (Mont.) Müll.Arg., Bathelium pyrenuloides (Mont.) Trevis., Bottaria pyrenuloides (Mont.) Trevis., Pyrenastrum pyrenuloides (Mont.) Nyl., Trypethelium pyrenuloides Mont., Verrucaria pyrenuloides (Mont.) Nyl., Verrucaria pyrenuloides var. pyrenuloides (Fée) Fée]
[Anthracothecium olivaceocinereum Vain., Leiophloea vitrea (Eschw.) Trevis., Melanotheca rizalensis (Vain.) Zahlbr., Parmentaria papillata (C. Knight) Shirley, Pyrenula adacta var. cinerascens (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr., Pyrenula albidopunctata Zahlbr., Pyrenula baileyi (C. Knight) Shirley, Pyrenula bonariensis Malme, Pyrenula chungii Zahlbr., Pyrenula coerulescens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula crassescens (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula defossa Müll.Arg., Pyrenula emergens (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Pyrenula emersa Malme, Pyrenula endostega Müll.Arg., Pyrenula eucalypta Vain., Pyrenula euphorbiae Vain., Pyrenula ferax Müll.Arg., Pyrenula fissa H. Magn., Pyrenula flaventior (Stirt.) Müll. Arg., Pyrenula fulvescens Malme, Pyrenula gibberosa Vain., Pyrenula glaziovii Müll.Arg., Pyrenula homalisma (C. Knight) D.J. Galloway, Pyrenula kelungana Zahlbr., Pyrenula mammillaris (Hepp) Zahlbr., Pyrenula manhaviensis Zahlbr., Pyrenula marmorata Müll.Arg., Pyrenula mastophorizans Müll.Arg., Pyrenula mozambica Vain., Pyrenula nebulosa Zahlbr., Pyrenula nitidans Müll.Arg., Pyrenula obscura Räsänen, Pyrenula obscurata Müll.Arg., Pyrenula obscurior Vain., Pyrenula oculifera Vain., Pyrenula olivaceofusca Müll.Arg., Pyrenula pallidofulvescens Vain., Pyrenula parvula Müll.Arg., Pyrenula pertusarina Zahlbr., Pyrenula pinguis var. emergens (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Pyrenula plumbea Malme, Pyrenula pseudovelata M. Choisy, Pyrenula pudica Zahlbr., Pyrenula pulchella var. cinerascens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula punctella var. emergens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula punctifera Vain., Pyrenula quassiaecola Fée [erroneous spelling], Pyrenula rizalensis Vain., Pyrenula subnitida Müll.Arg., Pyrenula subpunctella (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Pyrenula subvelata Müll.Arg., Pyrenula trombetana Vain., Pyrenula vanoverberghii Vain., Pyrenula virescens Müll.Arg., Pyrenula vitrea (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Stigmatidium confluens C. Knight, Stigmatidium prominulum C. Knight, Trypethelium papillatum C. Knight, Verrucaria baileyi C. Knight, Verrucaria glabrata var. homalisma C. Knight, Verrucaria mastophora Nyl., Verrucaria quassiaecola Fée, Verrucaria subnitida Nyl., Verrucaria subpunctella Nyl., Verrucaria vitrea Eschw.]
[Bathelium megaspermum var. tasmanicum Jatta, Laurera megasperma var. tasmanica (Jatta) Zahlbr., Parmentaria ravenelii (Tuck.) Müll.Arg., Pyrenastrum ravenelii Tuck.]
[Anthracothecium falsarium Zahlbr., Parmentaria schiffneri Zahlbr., Pyrenula falsaria (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris]
source: Aptoot (2012)
[Astrothelium pyrenastraeum Nyl., Astrothelium septicollare (Eschw.) Leight., Pyrenastrum fuscum Mont., Pyrenastrum pyrenastraeum (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
[Melanotheca concatervans (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Pyrenula concatervans (Nyl.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria concatervans Nyl., Verrucaria sexlocularis Nyl.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Clypeosphaeria imperfecta Ellis & Everh., Pyrenula imperfecta (Ellis & Everh.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria subelliptica Tuck.]
[Anthracothecium thelomorphum (Tuck.) Zahlbr.]
[Acolium javanicum (Nyl.) Stizenb., Calicium javanicum (Nyl.) Mont. & Bosch, Pyrgillus australiensis F. Wilson, Trachylia javanica (Nyl.) Nyl.]
[Biatora quernea (Dicks.) Fr., Lecidea quernea (Dicks.) Ach., Lichen querneus Dicks., Patellaria quernea (Dicks.) Spreng., Protoblastenia querna (Dicks.) Clauzade, Protoblastenia quernea (Dicks.) Clauzade, Tetramelas querneus (Dicks.) Norman, Verrucaria quernea (Dicks.) Hoffm.]
[Lecidea albovirens G. Mey.]
[Circinaria berteroana Fée, Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug, Pyxine berteroana var. berteroana (Fée) Imshaug, Pyxine cocoes var. endoxantha Müll.Arg., Pyxine meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissneri subsp. meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissneri var. meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissnerina Nyl.]
[Pyxine cocoes var. caesiopruinosa Tuck., Pyxine sorediata f. caesiopruinosa (Tuck.) Hue]
[Circinaria cocoes Fée, Coccocarpia pellita var. cocoes (Fée) Zahlbr., Lecidea cocoes (Sw.) Ach., Lichen cocoes Sw., Lobaria cocoes (Sw.) Räusch]
[Phragmopyxine eschweileri (Tuck.) Clem., Pyxine cocoes var. eschweileri Tuck., Pyxine niveomarginata B. de Lesd., Pyxine rosacea Zahlbr., Pyxine sorediata var. eschweileri (Tuck.) Tuck.]
[Circinaria berteroana Fée, Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imshaug, Pyxine berteroana (Fée) Imshaug, Pyxine berteroana var. berteroana (Fée) Imshaug, Pyxine cocoes var. endoxantha Müll.Arg., Pyxine meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissneri subsp. meissneri Tuck., Pyxine meissneri var. meissneri Tuck.]
source: Nash et al. (1998)
[Pyxine endoleuca (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Pyxine meissneri var. endoleuca Müll.Arg., Pyxine subvelata Stirt.]
[Imbricaria sorediata (Ach.) Arnold, Lecidea sorediata Ach., Parmelia stygia var. sorediata Ach.]
[Physcia melanenta C. Knight, Pyxine chrysanthoides Vain., Pyxine chrysanthoides f. chrysanthoides Vain., Pyxine meissneri f. sorediosa (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg., Pyxine meissneri var. sorediosa Müll.Arg.]
source: Amtoft (2002)
[Niesslia peltigericola (D. Hawksw.) Etayo, Wentiomyces peltigericola D. Hawksw.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
[Cystocoleus rupestris (Pers.) Rabenh., Racodium rupestre var. rupestre Pers.]
[Phacopsis huuskonenii Räsänen]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Divakar et al. (2015)
[Fistulariella almquistii (Vain.) Bowler & Rundel]
Older North American reports of R. fastigiata belong here.
[Evernia calicaris (L.) Link, Lichen calicaris L., Lichen calicaris var. calicaris L., Lobaria calicaris (L.) Hoffm., Parmelia calicaris (L.) Spreng., Parmelia fraxinea var. calicaris (L.) Schaer., Platysma calicare (L.) Frege, Ramalina calicaris f. calicaris (L.) Röhl., Ramalina calicaris subsp. calicaris (L.) Röhl., Ramalina calicaris var. calicaris (L.) Röhl., Ramalina calicaris var. canaliculata Fr., Ramalina calicaris var. subamplicata Nyl., Ramalina calicaris var. subfastigiata Nyl., Ramalina fraxinea subsp. canaliculata (Fr.) B. de Lesd., Ramalina fraxinea var. calicaris (L.) Schaer., Ramalina subampliata (Nyl.) Fink, Ramalina subamplicata (Nyl.) Fink, Ramalina subamplicata f. gracilis B. de Lesd., Ramalina subamplicata f. subamplicata (Nyl.) Fink, Ramalina subfastigiata (Nyl.) Werner]
[Ramalina evernioides var. canariensis (J. Steiner) Mereschk.]
[Evernia flavicans f. tenuissima Meyen & Flot. nom. inval., Lichen linearis Sw., Lobaria linearis (Sw.) Raeusch., Parmelia celastri Spreng., Parmelia linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina calicaris f. linearis (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina calicaris var. membranacea (Laurer) C. Bab., Ramalina calicaris var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Bab., Ramalina canaliculata subsp. linearis (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina celastri subsp. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) G.N. Stevens, Ramalina ecklonii var. membranacea (Laurer) Müll. Arg., Ramalina ecklonii var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) F. Wilson, Ramalina ecklonii var. tenuissima Meyen & Flot., Ramalina fraxinea var. membranacea Laurer, Ramalina lanceolata var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Ramalina linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina linearis f. linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina ovalis Hook. f. & Taylor, Ramalina yemensis var. membranacea (Laurer) Nyl., Ramalina yemensis var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Zahlbr., Ramalina yemensis var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Zahlbr., Sticta ecklonii Spreng., Teloschistes flavicans var. tenuissimus Meyen & Flot. ex Müll. Arg.]
[Lichen complanatus Sw., Ramalina calicaris f. complanata (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina calicaris var. complanata (Sw.) Nyl., Roccella complanata (Sw.) Darb., Roccella complanata var. complanata (Sw.) Darb.]
source: LaGreca (1999)
[Parmelia denticulata Eschw.]
[Fistulariella dilacerata (Hoffm.) Bowler & Riefner, Fistulariella minuscula (Nyl.) Bowler & Rundel, Lobaria dilacerata Hoffm., Platysma dilaceratum (Hoffm.) Frege, Ramalina dilacerata f. dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm., Ramalina minuscula Nyl., Ramalina minuscula var. alba C. Knight, Ramalina minuscula var. minuscula (Nyl.) Nyl., Ramalina minuscula var. pollinariella Nyl.]
[Lichen farinaceus L., Lobaria farinacea (L.) Hoffm., Parmelia farinacea (L.) Ach., Parmelia farinacea f. farinacea (L.) Ach., Parmelia farinacea f. glauca Bitter, Parmelia farinacea f. obscura Bitter, Parmelia farinacea var. canaliculata Clemente, Parmelia farinacea var. farinacea (L.) Ach., Parmelia farinacea var. obscurascens Bitter, Parmelia farinacea var. pendulina Ach., Parmelia farinacea var. phalerata Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. farinacea (L.) Schaer., Physcia farinacea (L.) DC., Platysma farinaceum (L.) Frege, Ramalina farinacea f. farinacea (L.) Ach., Ramalina farinacea f. phalerata (Ach.) Räsänen, Ramalina farinacea f. rubescens Räsänen, Ramalina farinacea subsp. farinacea (L.) Ach., Ramalina farinacea subsp. reagens (B. de Lesd.) Werner, Ramalina farinacea var. farinacea (L.) Ach., Ramalina farinacea var. hypoprotocetrarica (W.L. Culb.) D. Hawksw., Ramalina farinacea var. multifida Ach., Ramalina farinacea var. pendulina (Ach.) Ach., Ramalina farinacea var. phalerata (Ach.) Ach., Ramalina farinacea var. reagens B. de Lesd., Ramalina hypoprotocetrarica Culb., Ramalina multifida (Ach.) Röhl., Ramalina pendulina (Ach.) Röhl., Ramalina phalerata (Ach.) Röhl., Ramalina reagens (B. de Lesd.) Culb., Ramalina subfarinacea var. reagens (B. de Lesd.) D. Hawksw., Ramalina subfarinacea var. salazinica D. Hawksw.]
[Lichen fastigiatus Pers., Lobaria populina Hoffm., Parmelia fastigiata (Pers.) Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. fastigiata (Lilj.) Schaer., Parmelia populina (Hoffm.) Wallr., Physcia fastigiata (Pers.) DC., Platysma populinum (Hoffm.) Frege, Ramalina farinacea var. minutula Ach., Ramalina fastigiata f. conglobata Laurer ex Nyl., Ramalina fastigiata f. minutula (Ach.) Cromb., Ramalina fastigiata f. tortulosa A. Massal. ex Jatta, Ramalina fastigiata var. conglobata (Laurer) Motyka, Ramalina fenestrata Motyka, Ramalina fraxinea subsp. fastigiata (Pers.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. pellucida A.E. Wade, Ramalina minutula (Ach.) Röhl., Ramalina populina (Hoffm.) Vain., Ramalina populina f. populina (Hoffm.) Vain., Ramalina populina f. sorediata Erichsen, Ramalina populina var. calicariformis Räsänen, Ramalina populina var. populina (Hoffm.) Vain.]
Earlier reports of this species from North America refer to R. americana.
[Lichen fraxineus L., Lobaria fraxinea (L.) Hoffm., Parmelia fraxinea (L.) Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. ampliata Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. fraxinea Ach., Parmelia fraxinea var. taeniata Ach., Physcia fraxinea (L.) Michx., Platysma fraxineum (L.) Hoffm., Ramalina fraxinea f. ampliata (Ach.) Anders, Ramalina fraxinea f. fraxinea (L.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea f. taeniiformis (Ach.) Leight., Ramalina fraxinea subsp. calicariformis (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Ramalina fraxinea subsp. fraxinea (L.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. ampliata (Ach.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. calicariformis Nyl., Ramalina fraxinea var. fraxinea (L.) Ach., Ramalina fraxinea var. taeniiformis Ach., Ramalinomyces fraxineae E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas.]
[Fistulariella geniculata (Hook. f. & Taylor) Bowler & Rundel]
[Fistulariella inflata (Hook. f. & Taylor) Bowler & Rundel]
[Cetraria inflata Hook. f. & Taylor, Ramalina calicaris var. gracilis C. Bab., Ramalina inflata var. gracilis (C. Bab.) Müll. Arg., Ramalina inflata var. inflata (Hook. f. & Taylor) Hook. f. & Taylor, Ramalina knightiana Zahlbr., Ramalina tasmanica Nyl.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Gasparyan et al. (2017)
[Desmazieria evernioides (Nyl.) Follmann & Huneck, Ramalina duriaei (de Not.) Jatta, Ramalina duriaei f. densa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Ramalina duriaei f. divisa Werner, Ramalina duriaei f. duriaei (De Not.) Bagl., Ramalina duriaei f. fistulosa Werner, Ramalina duriaei f. parvula Erichsen, Ramalina duriaei f. pusilla Erichsen, Ramalina duriaei f. tuberculata Werner, Ramalina duriaei var. duriaei (De Not.) Bagl., Ramalina duriaei var. saxicola Sambo, Ramalina evernioides f. densa B. de Lesd., Ramalina evernioides f. divisa Werner, Ramalina pollinaria var. duriaei De Not., Vermilacinia lacera (With.) Follmann & B.C. Werner ined.]
source: Seavey & Seavey (2014a)
[Evernia flavicans f. tenuissima Meyen & Flot. nom. inval., Lichen linearis Sw., Lobaria linearis (Sw.) Raeusch., Parmelia celastri Spreng., Parmelia linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina calicaris f. linearis (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina calicaris var. membranacea (Laurer) C. Bab., Ramalina calicaris var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Bab., Ramalina canaliculata subsp. linearis (Sw.) Nyl., Ramalina celastri (Sprengel) Krog & Swinscow, Ramalina celastri subsp. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) G.N. Stevens, Ramalina ecklonii var. membranacea (Laurer) Müll. Arg., Ramalina ecklonii var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) F. Wilson, Ramalina ecklonii var. tenuissima Meyen & Flot., Ramalina fraxinea var. membranacea Laurer, Ramalina lanceolata var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Ramalina linearis f. linearis (Sw.) Ach., Ramalina ovalis Hook. f. & Taylor, Ramalina yemensis var. membranacea (Laurer) Nyl., Ramalina yemensis var. ovalis (Hook. f. & Taylor) Zahlbr., Ramalina yemensis var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Zahlbr., Sticta ecklonii Spreng., Teloschistes flavicans var. tenuissimus Meyen & Flot. ex Müll. Arg.]
[Chlorodictyon foliosum J. Agardh, Ramalina reticulata Taylor]
[Ramalina rigida f. montagnei (De Not.) Tuck., Ramalina rigida var. montagnei (De Not.) Tuck.]
[Ramalina dilacerata var. obtusata (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Ramalina minuscula var. obtusata Arnold]
[Desmazieria peruviana (Ach.) Follmann & Huneck, Fistulariella javanica (Nyl.) Bowler & Rundel, Ramalina farinacea var. dendroides Müll.Arg., Ramalina farinacea var. squarrosa Müll.Arg., Ramalina javanica Nyl., Ramalina roesleri var. isidiotyla Vain.]
[Lichen calicaris var. polymorphus Lilj., Lichen polymorphus (Lilj.) Ach., Parmelia polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach., Parmelia polymorpha var. emplecta Ach., Parmelia polymorpha var. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach., Physcia polymorpha (Lilj.) DC., Ramalina polymorpha f. emplecta (Ach.) Ach., Ramalina polymorpha f. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach., Ramalina polymorpha subsp. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach., Ramalina polymorpha var. emplecta (Ach.) Ach., Ramalina polymorpha var. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach., Ramalina scopulorum var. polymorpha (Lilj.) Mudd]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Seavey et al. (2017)
[Fistulariella roesleri (Hochst. ex Schaer.) Bowler & Rundel]
[Fistulariella scoparia (Vain.) Bowler & Rundel]
source: Kashiwadani & Nash (2004)
[Alectoria thrausta Ach., Alectoria thrausta f. arenaria (Fr.) Zahlbr., Alectoria thrausta f. curtula Harm., Alectoria thrausta f. sorediella (Nyl.) Hue, Alectoria thrausta f. thrausta Ach., Alectoria thrausta var. sorediosula (Nyl.) Hue, Alectoria thrausta var. thrausta Ach.]
[Alectoria usneoides (Ach.) Ach., Lichen usnea L., Parmelia usneoides Ach., Ramalina usneoides (Ach.) Mont., Ramalina usneoides var. usneoides Mont.]
source: Lendemer & Harris (2011)
[Biatora cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Fr., Caloplaca leucoleprosa (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecidea cinnabarina Sommerf., Patellaria cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Spreng., Placodium leucoleprosum Vain., Protoblastenia cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Räsänen, Pyrrhospora cinnabarina (Sommerf.) Choisy]
source: Kalb et al. (2008)
[Lecidea elabens Fr., Lecidea melancheima Tuck., Pyrrhospora elabens (Fr.) Hafellner]
[Pyrrhospora gowardiana Sprib. & Hauck]
source: Kalb et al. (2008)
[Biatora russula (Ach.) Mont., Lecidea russula Ach., Lecidea russula var. russula Ach., Lepadolemma russulum (Ach.) Trevis., Patellaria russula (Ach.) Spreng., Protoblastenia russula (Ach.) Räsänen, Protoblastenia russula var. russula (Ach.) Räsänen, Pyrrhospora russula (Ach.) Hafellner]
source: Kalb et al. (2008)
[Lecidea subcinnabarina Tønsberg, Pyrrhospora subcinnabarina (Tønsberg) Hafellner]
source: Kalb et al. (2008)
[Lecidea ablephora Nyl.]
source: Lendemer et al. (2009a)
[Bacidia gyalectiformis (Zahlbr.) Hasse]
[Biatorella rappii Zahlbr.]
[Gyalecta valenzueliana (Mont.) Tuck., Maronea porinoidea Zahlbr., Parmelia valenzueliana Mont., Secoliga valenzueliana (Mont.) Müll.Arg.]
source: Lendemer & Knudsen (2008a)
[Sphaeria massalongoi Mont.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Perlmutter et al. (2017)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Lendemer et al. 2009b)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Alstrup & Cole (1998)
[Ovularia peltigerae Keissl.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Leptotrema heterosporum (C. Knight) Zahlbr., Leptotrema mastoideum Müll.Arg., Leptotrema santense (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Thelotrema heterosporum C. Knight, Thelotrema santense Tuck.]
source: Kalb (2001)
[Parmelia abstrusa Vain., Parmelia abstrusa f. abstrusa Vain., Parmelia abstrusa var. abstrusa Vain.]
[Parmelia eximbricata (Gyeln.) Hale & Kurok.]
[Lophiostoma subcollapsum Ellis & Everh.]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Ocellularia emersa (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Phaeotrema emersum (Kremp.) Zahlbr., Stegobolus emersus (Kremp.) Frisch & Kalb, Thelotrema emersum Kremp.]
source: Rivas Plata et al. (2012)
[Ocellularia granulosa (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Stegobolus granulosus (Tuck.) Frisch, Thelotrema granulosum Tuck.]
source: Rivas Plata et al. (2012)
[Bertia lichenicola De Not., Psilosphaeria lichenicola (De Not.) Cooke, Rhagadostoma corrugatum Körb., Sphaeria corrugata (Körb.) H. Olivier nom. illegit., Sphaeria lichenicola (De Not.) Cooke nom illegit.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Alstrup & Cole (1998)
[Buellia alpicola (Wahlenb.) Anzi, Buellia alpicola var. alpicola (Wahlenb.) Anzi, Buellia alpicola var. pallidocinerea Wahlenb., Buellia alpicola var. soluta Bagl. & Garov., Buellia deludens (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Catocarpus alpicola (Wahlenb.) Arnold, Catocarpus chionophilus (Th. Fr.) Stein, Catocarpus oreites (Vain.) Eitner, Lecidea alpicola (Wahlenb.) Hepp, Lecidea atrovirens var. alpicola Wahlenb., Lecidea atrovirens var. gerontica Ach., Lecidea chionophila (Th. Fr.) Vain., Lecidea chionophila var. chionophila (Th. Fr.) Vain., Lecidea chionophila var. decolorata Vain., Lecidea deludens Nyl., Lecidea geographica var. alpicola (Wahlenb.) Schaer., Lecidea oreites Vain., Rhizocarpon chionophilum Th. Fr., Rhizocarpon chionophilum f. chionophilum Th. Fr., Rhizocarpon chionophilum f. fellmanii Vain., Rhizocarpon chionophilum f. gerontoides Th. Fr., Rhizocarpon chionophilum f. ludibundum Th. Fr., Rhizocarpon chionophilum f. primarium Vain., Rhizocarpon chionophilum var. chionophilum Th. Fr., Rhizocarpon chionophilum var. decolorata (Vain.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon chionophilum var. fellmanii (Vain.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon chionophilum var. ludibunda (Th. Fr.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon chionophilum var. primaria (Vain.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon chionophilum var. sallensis Räsänen, Rhizocarpon deludens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon geographicum f. geronticum (Ach.) Th. Fr., Rhizocarpon geographicum var. alpicola (Wahlenb.) A. Massal., Rhizocarpon geographicum var. geronticum (Ach.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon oreites (Vain.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon oreites f. chlorea Räsänen, Rhizocarpon oreites f. gerontoides (Th. Fr.) Vain., Rhizocarpon oreites f. oreites (Vain.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon oreites f. pallidocinereum (Kremp.) Lettau, Rhizocarpon oreites f. pulchra (Räsänen) Räsänen ex Hakul., Rhizocarpon oreites f. solutum (Bagl. & Carestia) Vain., Rhizocarpon oreites var. chloreum (Räsänen) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon oreites var. flavodispersa Räsänen, Rhizocarpon oreites var. gerontoides (Th. Fr.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon oreites var. oreites (Vain.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon oreites var. paludosum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon oreites var. pulchrum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon oreites var. soluta (Bagl. & Carestia) Räsänen]
[Abacina amphibia (Fr.) Norman, Buellia amphibia (Fr.) H. Olivier, Lecidea amphibia Fr., Rhizocarpon obscuratum f. amphibium (Fr.) Schade]
source: Hinds et al. (2002)
[Lecidea anapera Vain.]
source: Nash et al. (1998)
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Buellia badioatra (Flörke ex Spreng.) Mudd, Buellia badioatra var. badioatra (Flörke ex Spreng.) Körb., Buellia badioatra var. rivularis Flot., Buellia badioatra var. vulgaris Körb., Lecidea badioatra Flörke ex Spreng.]
[Buellia bolanderi Tuck.]
source: Fryday (2002)
[Catillaria chionea Norman, Catocarpus chioneum (Norman) Elenkin & Savicz, Lecidea chionea (Norman) Stizenb., Porina chiomela (Norman) Zahlbr.]
[Catocarpus cinereovirens (Müll. Arg.) Oxner, Catocarpus cinereovirens f. asynnum (Vain.) Oxner, Catocarpus cinereovirens f. cinereovirens (Müll. Arg.) Oxner, Catocarpus cinereovirens f. saepincola (Vain.) Oxner, Catocarpus cinereovirens f. sepincola (Vain.) Oxner, Catocarpus cinereovirens f. subroridulum (Vain.) Oxner, Patellaria cinereovirens Müll.Arg.]
[Buellia concentrica (Davies) H. Olivier, Diplotomma concentricum (Davies) Jatta, Lecidea concentrica (Davies) Nyl., Lecidea concentrica var. concentrica (Davies) Nyl., Lichen concentricus Davies, Rhizocarpon petraeum var. concentricum (Davies) Mudd]
[Buellia copelandii Körb., Catocarpus badioater f. copelandii (Körb.) Eitner, Catocarpus copelandii (Körb) Arnold, Lecidea copelandii (Körb.) Stizenb., Rhizocarpon cyclodes Th. Fr.]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens., source: Feuerer & Timdal (2004)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Lumbsch et al. (2011)
[Buellia montagnei (Flot.) Tuck., Lecidea dispora Nägeli ex Hepp, Rhizocarpon disporum var. montagnei (Flot.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon montagnei Körb., Rhizocarpon montagnei f. montagnei Körb.]
[Buellia distincta (Th. Fr.) H. Olivier, Diplotomma distinctum (Th. Fr.) Jatta, Lecidea distincta (Th. Fr.) Stizenb., Lecidea distincta f. distincta (Th. Fr.) Stizenb., Lecidea distincta f. subobscurata Nyl., Lecidea obscurata f. orphnina Vain., Lecidea petraea var. ambigua Schaer., Rhizocarpon ambiguum (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon ambiguum f. albicans (Körb.) Szatala, Rhizocarpon ambiguum f. ambiguum (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon ambiguum f. cinereum (Flot.) Szatala, Rhizocarpon ambiguum f. dendriticum Erichsen, Rhizocarpon ambiguum f. fuscum (Flot.) Szatala, Rhizocarpon ambiguum f. soreumaticum (Flot.) Szatala, Rhizocarpon obscuratum subsp. orphninum (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon orphninum (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon orphninum f. orphninum (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon orphninum f. platycarpa Räsänen]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens.
[Catocarpus chionophiloides (Vain.) Mereschk., Lecidea atroalbescens Nyl., Lecidea chionophiloides Vain., Lecidea eupetraeoides Nyl., Rhizocarpon atroalbens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon atroalbescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rhizocarpon chionophiloides (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon chionophiloides f. atroalbescens (Nyl.) Räsänen, Rhizocarpon chionophiloides f. chionophiloides (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon chionophiloides f. subnegans (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon chionophiloides var. chionophiloides (Vain.) Vain., Rhizocarpon chionophiloides var. subnegans (Vain.) Räsänen]
[Catocarpus expallescens (Th. Fr.) Hellb.]
[Rhizocarpon drepanodes Feuerer, Rhizocarpon lecanorinum subsp. drepanodes (Feuerer) Clauzade & Cl. Roux]
[Aspicilia cinerea f. concreta (Ach.) Lederer nom. rejic., Biatorina concreta (Ach.) Mudd nom. rejic., Buellia concreta Eckf., Catillaria concreta (Ach.) A. Massal. nom. rejic., Catocarpus concretus (Ach.) Arnold nom. rejic., Catocarpus seductus var. concretus (Ach.) Eitner, Diplotomma petraeum var. concretum (Ach.) Jatta nom. rejic., Lecidea atroalba var. concreta Ach. nom. rejic., Lecidea concreta (Ach.) Nyl. nom. rejic., Lecidea concreta f. geminata (Körb.) Vain., Lecidea confervoides var. concreta (Ach.) Schaer., Lecidea geminata Nyl., Lecidea petraea f. concreta (Ach.) Nyl. nom. rejic., Lecidea petraea var. geminata (Körb.) Boistel, Patellaria concreta (Ach.) Müll. Arg. nom. rejic., Rhizocarpon concretum (Ach.) Zahlbr. nom. rejic., Rhizocarpon concretum f. geminatum (Körb.) Vain., Rhizocarpon montagnei f. geminatum (Körb.) Arnold, Rhizocarpon petraeum var. concretum (Ach.) Boistel, Rhizocarpon petraeum var. geminatum (Körb.) Boistel]
[Buellia geographica Räsänen, Diplotomma geographicum (L.) Jatta, Lecidea atrovirens var. geographica (L.) Ach., Lecidea geographica (L.) Rebent., Lecidea geographica f. conglomerata Fr., Lecidea geographica f. geographica (L.) Rebent., Lecidea geographica f. sorediata Croz., Lecidea geographica f. subcinerascens Nyl., Lecidea geographica f. urceolata Schaer., Lecidea geographica var. albohypothallina Maheu & Werner, Lecidea geographica var. contigua Schaer., Lecidea geographica var. cyanodes Nyl., Lecidea geographica var. cyclopica Nyl., Lecidea geographica var. geographica (L.) Rebent., Lecidea geographica var. pulverulenta Schaer., Leproncus geographicus (L.) A. St.-Hil., Lichen geographicus L., Patellaria geographica (L.) Duby, Rhizocarpon diabasicum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon diabasicum f. diabasicum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon diabasicum f. smaragdina Räsänen, Rhizocarpon geographicum f. geographicum (L.) DC., Rhizocarpon geographicum f. urceolatum (Schaer.) Körb., Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. arcticum (Runemark) Hertel, Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. diabasicum (Räsänen) Poelt & V?zda, Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. frigidum (Räsänen) Hertel, Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. kittilense (Räsänen) R. Sant., Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. lindsayanum (Räsänen) R. Sant., Rhizocarpon geographicum subsp. prospectans (Räsänen) D. Hawksw. & Sowter, Rhizocarpon geographicum var. urceolatum, Rhizocarpon kittilense Räsänen, Rhizocarpon lindsayanum subsp. kittilense (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon prospectans Räsänen, Rhizocarpon riparium subsp. lindsayanum (Räsänen) J.W. Thomson, Rhizocarpon semilecanorinum var. atlanticum Räsänen, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. arcticum Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. diabasicum (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. frigidum (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. prospectans (Räsänen) Runemark, Rhizocarpon tinei subsp. vulgare Runemark, Rhizocarpon urceolatum (Schaer.) Räsänen, Urceolaria geographica (L.) Link, Verrucaria geographica (L.) F.H. Wigg.]
[Diplotomma grande (Flörke ex Flot.) Jatta, Lecidea petraea f. grande Flörke ex Flot.]
[Biatora hochstetteri (Körb.) G. Merr., Buellia atroalba (Ach.) Th. Fr., Buellia colludens (Nyl.) Arnold, Buellia colludens var. colludens (Nyl.) Arnold, Buellia colludens var. triseptata M. Knowles ex Ch. Porter, Buellia hochstetteri (Körb.) Mong., Catillaria colludens (Nyl.) Jatta, Catillaria hochstetteri Körb., Catocarpus hochstetteri (Körb.) Oxner, Lecidea colludens Nyl., Lecidea hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain., Lecidea hochstetteri f. hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain., Lecidea hochstetteri f. incrassata Vain., Rhizocarpon colludens (Nyl.) Fryday, Rhizocarpon colludens var. colludens (Nyl.) Fryday, Rhizocarpon colludens var. rufoatrum, Rhizocarpon massalongoi f. colludens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
[Catocarpus inarense (Vain.) Mereschk., Lecidea inarensis Vain.]
[Lecidea infernula Nyl., Rhizocarpon infernulum f. infernulum (Nyl.) Lynge]
source: Fryday (2002)
[Buellia lavata (Ach.) Mong., Lecidea lavata Ach., Lecidea lavata f. ferrata Nyl., Lecidea lavata f. lavata Ach., Rhizocarpon obscuratum f. lavatum (Fr.) Th. Fr., Rhizocarpon petraeum var. lavatum (Ach. ex Fr.) Körb.]
[Leciographa malenconiana Llimona & Werner]
source: McCune & Ponzetti (2005)
[Aspicilia oederi (Ach.) A. Massal., Biatora oederi (Weber) Hepp, Buellia oederi (Weber) Rostr., Diplotomma oederi (Weber) Jatta, Lecidea oederi Ach., Lichen oederi Weber, Patellaria oederi (Ach.) Trevis., Rhizocarpon petraeum var. oederi (Weber) Körb., Urceolaria oederi (Ach.) Schaer., Verrucaria oederi (Weber) Hoffm.]
[Buellia excentrica (Ach.) Eckfeldt, Buellia petraea (Wulfen) Branth. & Rostr., Buellia petraea f. albinea Tuck., Buellia petraea f. petraea (Wulfen) Branth. & Rostr., Diplotomma excentricum (Ach.) Jatta, Diplotomma petraeum (Wulfen) Jatta, Lecidea excentrica (Ach.) Röhl., Lecidea perluta Nyl., Lecidea petraea (Wulfen) Ach., Lecidea petraea f. petraea (Wulfen) Ach., Lecidea petraea var. atrocaesia Nyl., Lecidea petraea var. excentrica Ach., Lecidea petraea var. globulata Ach., Lecidea petraea var. intumescens Flörke, Lecidea petraea var. neo-zelandica C. Knight, Lecidea petraea var. neozelandica C. Knight, Lecidea petraea var. petraea (Wulfen) Ach., Lichen petraeus Wulfen, Lichen petraeus var. petraeus Wulfen, Patellaria petraea (Wulfen) DC., Rhizocarpon concentricum var. excentricum (Ach.) P. Syd., Rhizocarpon excentricum (Ach.) Arnold, Rhizocarpon perlutum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Siegertia petraea (Wulfen) V. Wirth, Verrucaria petraea (Wulfen) Hoffm.]
[Buellia atroalbella (Nyl.) Mong., Buellia badioatra var. atroalbella (Nyl.) Mudd, Buellia badioatra var. atrobadia (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea atroalba var. atroalbella Nyl., Lecidea atroalbella (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidea atrobadia Nyl., Lecidea confervoides var. polycarpa Hepp]
[Lecidea postuma Nyl., Lecidea postuma f. postuma Nyl., Lecidea postuma f. tetramera Vain.]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens.
source: McCune et al. (2016)
[Rhizocarpon obscuratum f. reductum (Th. Fr.) Schade, Rhizocarpon obscuratum var. reductum (Th. Fr.) Eitner]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens.
[Rhizocarpon plicatile (Leighton) A. L. Sm.]
source: Fryday (2000)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Buellia saurina W.A. Weber]
source: Bungartz & Fryday (2004)
[Buellia simillima Anzi, Catocarpus simillimus (Anzi) Arnold, Lecidea simillima (Anzi) Stizenb.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: McCune (2017)
[Lecidea submodesta Vain.]
[Lecidea subpostuma Nyl.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: McCune (2017)
[Buellia bolanderi var. sulphurosum Tuck.]
source: Lendemer et al. (2010)
source: MacDonald et al. (2011)
[Rhizocarpon crystalligeneum]
source: Ihlen & Fryday (2002)
[Diplotomma umbilicatum (Ramond) Jatta, Lecidea umbilicata Ramond, Siegertia umbilicata (Ramond) V. Wirth]
[Buellia viridiatra (Wulfen) H. Olivier, Diplotomma viridiatrum (Wulfen) Jatta, Lecidea geographica var. sphaerica Schaer., Lichen viridiater Wulfen, Rhizocarpon geographicum var. sphaericum (Schaer.) Mudd]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens.
[Lecanora chrysoleuca (Sm.) Ach., Lecanora chrysoleuca f. chrysoleuca (Sm.) Ach., Lecanora chrysoleuca f. exsulans Th. Fr., Lecanora chrysoleuca var. chrysoleuca (Sm.) Ach., Lecanora chrysoleuca var. melanophthalma Th. Fr., Lecanora chrysoleuca var. opaca Ach., Lecanora rubina (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecanora rubina f. rubina (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecanora rubina var. australis Poelt, Lecanora rubina var. rubina (Hoffm.) Ach., Lichen chrysoleucus Sm., Lichen rubinus Vill., Lobaria chrysoleuca (Sm.) Raeusch., Lobaria rubina (Vill.) Räuschel, Omphalodina rubina (Vill.) M. Choisy, Omphalodium rubinum (Vill.) Minx, Parmelia chrysoleuca (Sm.) Ach., Parmelia rubina (Vill.) Schaer., Parmularia rubina (Vill.) B. de Lesd., Patellaria rubina (Vill.) Spreng., Placodium chrysoleucum (Sm.) Link, Placodium rubinum (Vill.) Müll. Arg., Placodium rubinum var. melanophthalmum (Ramond) Oxner, Placodium rubinum var. rubinum (Vill.) Müll. Arg., Placolecanora chrysoleuca (Sm.) Kopach., Placolecanora rubina (Vill.) Savicz, Psoroma chrysoleucum (Sm.) Flagey, Squamaria chrysoleuca (Sm.) Duby, Squamaria rubina (Vill.) Hoffm.]
[Harpidium glaucophanum (Hasse) Hasse, Lecanora glaucophana Hasse]
[Lecanora haydenii Tuck.]
source: McCune & Rosentreter (2007)
source: McCune & Rosentreter (2007)
[Lecanora marginalis Hasse]
[Lecanora melanophthalma (DC.) Ramond]
source: McCune & Rosentreter (2007)
source: McCune & Rosentreter (2007)
[Lecanora nigromarginata H. Magn.]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
[Lecanora novomexicana H. Magn.]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
[Lecanora opiniconensis Brodo]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
[Lecanora phaedrophthalma Poelt, Lecanora phaedrophthalma var. christoi (W.A. Weber) B.D. Ryan]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
[Squamaria chrysoleuca var. subdiscrepans Nyl.]
[Lecanora weberi B.D. Ryan]
source: Zhao et al. (2016)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich & Etayo (2004a)
[Skyttea cruciata Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
[Llimoniella neglecta (Vain.) Triebel & Rambold, Nesolechia neglecta Vain.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich & Etayo (2000)
[Geltingia stereocaulorum Alstrup & D. Hawksw., Llimoniella stereocaulorum (Alstrup & D. Hawksw.) Hafellner]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko (2010)
source: Coppins & Fryday (2006a)
[Aspicilia badioatra Kremp., Aspicilia bockii (Rodig. ex Fr.) Boistel, Aspicilia contracta (Th. Fr.) Hue, Catolechia badioatra (Kremp.) A. Massal., Lecanora badioatra Hepp, Lecanora bockii f. contractula Th. Fr., Lecanora contracta (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecidea badioatra (Kremp.) Arnold, Lecidea badioatra var. badioatra Flörke ex Spreng., Lecidea badioatra var. gerlachei Vain., Lecidea contracta (Th. Fr.) Arnold, Lecidea illita Nyl., Mosigia illita (Nyl.) R. Sant., Parmelia bockii Fr.]
[Lecanora bockii (Fr.) Rodrig., Lecanora bockii f. bockii (Fr.) Rabenh., Mosigia gibbosa (Ach.) Fr. ex A. Massal., Pyrenotea gibbosa (Ach.) A. Massal., Urceolaria gibbosa Ach., Urceolaria gibbosa var. amphibola Ach., Urceolaria gibbosa var. gibbosa Ach., Zeora gibbosa (Ach.) Flot., Zeora gibbosa var. gibbosa (Ach.) Flot., Zeora gibbosa var. squamata Flot.]
[Lecidea limborina (Nyl.) Lamy, Lecidea subgyratula Nyl., Lecidea trochodes (Taylor ex Leight.) Cromb., Lecidea trochodes f. nigrita Th. Fr., Lecidea trochodes f. trochodes (Taylor ex Leight.) Cromb., Lecidea trochodes var. euopsides Vain., Lecidea trochodes var. hardangeriana Vain. ex Hav., Lecidea trochodes var. limborina (Nyl.) Vain., Lecidea trochodes var. subgyratula (Nyl.) Vain., Lecidea trochodes var. trochodes (Taylor ex Leight.) Cromb., Opegrapha saxigena var. trochodes Taylor ex Leight.]
source: Timdal (2002b)
[Rinodina tenuis Müll.Arg.]
source: Sheard (2010)
[Rinodina lignicola Sheard]
[Psoroma ascociscana Tuck., Rinodina subsophodes (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
[Buellia aspersa (Borrer) P. James, Lecanora aspersa Borrer]
source: Glew (1999)
[Rinodina capensis Hampe, Rinodina corticola (Arnold) Arnold]
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
source: Sheard (2010)
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
[Berengeria bischoffii (Hepp) Trevis., Lecanora bischoffii (Hepp) Nyl., Lecidea alociza Cromb., Microthelia leightonii Zahlbr., Parmelia bischoffii (Hepp) Lönnr., Psora bischoffii Hepp, Rinodina bischoffii subsp. immersa (Körb.) Arnold, Rinodina bischoffii var. immersa Körb., Rinodina immersa (Körb.) Zahlbr., Rinodina immersa f. immersa (Körb.) J. Steiner, Rinodina penaridiana]
source: Sheard et al. (2011)
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
source: Lendemer et al. (2014)
source: Sheard et al. (2012)
source: Sheard et al. (2012)
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
source: Sheard et al. (2011)
[Rinodina arenaria var. cana Arnold, Rinodina iowensis Zahlbr.]
source: Wilhelm (1998)
[Rinodina aurantiaca Sheard, Rinodina corticola (Arnold) Arnold]
[Rinodina castaneomela (Nyl.) Arnold]
source: Lendemer et al. (2012)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: Sheard et al. (2017)
[Lecanora mniaraea Ach., Lecanora mniaroeiza Nyl., Pachysporaria mniaraea (Ach.) M. Choisy, Rinodina mniaraea (Ach.) Körb., Rinodina mniaraea var. cinnamomea Th. Fr., Rinodina mniaraea var. mniaroeiza (Nyl.) H. Magn., Rinodina mniaraeiza (Nyl.) Arnold, Rinodina mniaroeiza (Nyl.) Arnold]
source: Spribille et al. (2010), Resl et al. (2016)
[Lecanora colobinoides Nyl., Lecanora erysiphaea Nyl., Rinodina erysiphaea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina guianensis Aptroot, Rinodina sipmanii Aptroot, Rinodina sorediata H. Magn.]
[Berengeria confragosa (Ach.) Trevis., Lecanora confragosa (Ach.) Röhl., Lecanora confragosa var. confragosa (Ach.) Röhl., Lecanora confragosa var. lecidotropa Nyl., Parmelia confragosa Ach., Rinodina exigua var. confragosa (Ach.) Th. Fr., Rinodina metabolica var. confragosa (Ach.) Hazsl., Zeora confragosa (Ach.) Flot.]
[Lecanora confragosula Nyl., Rinodina filsonii H. Mayrhofer]
source: Sheard (2010)
[Lecanora conradii (Körb.) Nyl., Merorinis conradii (Körb.) Clem., Pachysporaria conradii (Körb.) M. Choisy]
[Lecidea destituta Nyl., Rinodina biatorina sensu Fink, Rinodina biatorina var. biatorina Körb., Rinodina biatorina var. buellioides Berg.{?}, Rinodina moziana (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Rinodina ochrocea Willey ex Fink, Rinodina vezdae H. Mayrh.]
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
[Lecanora hueana Harm., Rinodina hueana (Harm.) H. Olivier, Rinodina hueana f. hueana Vain., Rinodina oreina var. hueana (Vain.) Zahlbr.]
[Rinodina diskoensis Sheard ined., Rinodina lyngei Sheard ined.]
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
[Rinodina marysvillensis var. thujae H. Magn., Rinodina thujae (H. Magn.) Sheard]
[Berengeria exigua (Ach.) Trevis., Courtoisia exigua (Ach.) March., Lecanora exigua (Ach.) Röhl., Lecanora exigua f. exigua (Ach.) Röhl., Lecanora exigua f. subrufecens Nyl., Lichen exiguus Ach., Parmelia exigua (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia exigua var. exigua (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia exigua var. pinicola Ach., Patellaria exigua (Ach.) DC., Psora exigua (Ach.) Nägeli, Psora exigua var. maculiformis Hepp]
source: Tønsberg (2002)
[Rinodina glauca Ropin, Rinodina magnussonii Sheard ined.]
source: Sheard (2010)
[Buellia alocizoides (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Caloplaca subexigua (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Lecanora exigua f. demissa (Körb.) Stizenb., Lecanora exigua var. demissa (Körb.) Stizenb., Lecanora subexigua Nyl., Lecidea alocizoides Leight., Rinodina confragosa var. demissa (Körb.) Kremp., Rinodina demissa (Körb.) Arnold, Rinodina demissa f. demissa (Flörke) Arnold, Rinodina demissa f. microcarpa Erichsen, Rinodina demissa f. obscura (Malbr.) H. Olivier, Rinodina exigua f. demissa (Körb.) Zahlbr., Rinodina exigua var. demissa (Flörke) Th. Fr., Rinodina metabolica var. demissa Körb., Rinodina salina Degel., Rinodina salina f. microcarpa (Erichsen) Erichsen, Rinodina salina f. obscura (Malbr.) Erichsen, Rinodina salina f. salina Degel., Rinodina salina f. subrufescens (Nyl.) Erichsen, Rinodina sophodes var. demissa (Körb.) Rostrup, Rinodina subexigua (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Zeora metabolica var. demissa Flörke]
source: Tønsberg (1993a)
source: Sheard (2004)
[Lecanora exigua f. pruinosa G. Merr.]
source: Sheard (2010)
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
[Rinodina darrowii E. D. Rudolph, Rinodina sabulosa Tuck.]
source: Mayrhofer et al. (2001)
source: Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002)
[Lecanora laevigata (Ach.) Röhl., Lecanora laevigata f. dispersella Vain., Lecanora laevigata f. laevigata Ach., Lecanora sophodes var. laevigata Ach.]
[Amandinea lecideina (H. Mayrhofer & Poelt) Scheid. & H. Mayrhofer, Lecidea prospersa Nyl., Rinodina prospersa (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#21), source: McCune (2017)
[Huriopsis lepida (Nyl.) S.Y. Kondr. & Lőkös, Lecanora lepida Nyl., Lecidea lepida Nyl., Rinodina flavonigella Tuck.]
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