Lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental US & Canada (Version 23)
Authors: Ted Esslinger
Citation: This version (Version #23, 19 September 2019) of the checklist is being simultaneously published online by North Dakota State University, and in Opuscula Philolichenum 18: 102-378.
Locality: Continental United States of America and Canada
Abstract:

Version 23 of the checklist of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi occurring in North America north of Mexico is presented. It includes a total of 5,618 species in 766 genera, with an additional 44 subspecies, 45 varieties, and 3 forms. The total species number includes 631 lichenicolous fungi, 107 saprophytic fungi related to lichens or to lichenicolous fungi, and another 63 species of varying and/or uncertain biological status.

Please click here to download the Reference List as a PDF.

Notes: The original checklist and its previous versions is available online at this website of North Dakota State University.

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Families: 172
Genera: 768
Species: 5621
Total Taxa: 5661

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[Peccania mattogrossensis Malme, Synalissa matogrossensis (Malme) Henssen]
In the original Esslinger Checklist (#22) the epithet is erroneously listed as "matogrossensis", source: Schultz (2002f)
[Collema ramulosum Bernh., Collema symphoreum (Ach.) DC., Lichen symphoreus Ach., Omphalaria symphorea (Ach.) Tuck., Parmelia ramulosa (Bernh.) Ach., Synalissa symphorea (Ach.) Nyl.]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Chiodecton depressum Fée]
source: Tehler (1996)
[Chiodecton perplexum Nyl., Glyphis graphica Fr.]
source: Tehler (1996)
[Platygrapha psaroleuca Nyl., Schismatomma psaroleucum (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
source: Tehler (1996)
[Heterocephalacria bachmannii (Diederich & M.S. Christ.) Millanes & Wedin]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
[Heterocephalacria physciacearum (Diederich) Millanes & Wedin]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
source: Holien & Tønsberg (2002)
source: Aptroot et al. (1997)
[Talpapellis beschiana (Diederich) Zhurb., U. Braun, Diederich & Heuchert]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko & Alstrup (2004)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Cole & Hawksworth (2001)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko & Daniëls (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: McMullin et al. (2017)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich & Zhurbenko (2001)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
[Talpapellis peltigerae var. rossica Heuchert, Zhurb. & U. Braun, Herzogia 27(1): 88 (2014)]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Alstrup & Cole (1998)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Lopadium epiphyllum Müll.Arg.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Borrera chrysophthalma (L.) Ach., Hagenia chrysophthalma (L.) Rabenh., Lichen chrysophthalmus L., Lobaria chrysophthalma (L.) Räuschel, Niorma chrysophthalma (L.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, A. Thell, M.H. Jeong & Hur, Parmelia chrysophthalma (L.) Ach., Physcia chrysophthalma (L.) DC., Physcia chrysophthalma var. chrysophthalma (L.) DC., Physcia villosa var. dickieana Linds., Platysma denudatum Hoffm., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. chrysophthalmus (L.) Beltr., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. cinereus Müll. Arg., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus f. denudatus (Hoffm.) Hillmann, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. chrysophthalmus (L.) Beltr., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. cinereus Müll. Arg., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. denudatus (Hoffm.) Müll.Arg., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. dickieanus (Linds.) Zahlbr., Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. dilatatus (Stizenb.) Hillmann, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. flavoalbidus (Kremp.) Malme, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. hypoglaucoides Hillmann, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. melanotrichus Maheu, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. subpulvinaris Gyeln., Tornabenia chrysophthalma (L.) A. Massal., Xanthoanaptychia chrysophthalma (L.) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, Xanthoria chrysophthalma (L.) Stizenb.]
[Borrera exilis (Michaux) Ach., Physcia exilis Michaux, Teloschistes chrysocarpoides var. minor (Cromb.) C.W. Dodge, Teloschistes costatus var. pallidus (Sambo) C.W. Dodge, Teloschistes exilis f. dealbatus (Flot.) Hillmann, Teloschistes exilis f. exilis (Michx.) Vain., Teloschistes exilis f. inaequalis Gyeln., Teloschistes exilis var. dealbatus Hillmann, Teloschistes exilis var. exilis (Michx.) Vain., Teloschistes exilis var. pulvinatus Hillmann, Teloschistes flavicans f. minor (Cromb.) Hillmann, Teloschistes flavicans var. exilis (Michaux) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. minor Cromb., Teloschistes flavicans var. pallidus Sambo]
[Alectoria epichrysa Stirt., Anaptychia flavicans (Sw.) A. Massal., Borrera acromela Pers., Borrera flavicans (Sw.) Ach., Borrera flavicans f. flavicans (Sw.) Ach., Borrera flavicans f. laeta Ach., Cornicularia crocea Ach., Cornicularia flavicans Pers., Evernia flavicans (Sw.) Fr., Evernia flavicans f. maxima Meyen & Flot. nom. inval., Evernia flavicans var. melanotricha Meyen & Flot., Lichen flavicans Sw., Lobaria flavicans (Sw.) Trevis., Parmelia chrysophthalma var. flavicans (Sw.) Eschw., Parmelia flavicans (Sw.) Ach., Physcia acromela (Pers.) Nyl., Physcia chrysophthalma var. flavicans (Sw.) Tuck., Physcia flavicans (Sw.) DC., Teloschistes acromelus (Pers.) Vain., Teloschistes capensis var. cinerascens (Stein) C.W. Dodge, Teloschistes chrysophthalmus var. flavicans (Sw.) Tuck., Teloschistes flavicans f. cinerascens (Stein) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans f. flavicans (Sw.) Norman, Teloschistes flavicans f. hirtella Vain., Teloschistes flavicans f. hirtellus Vain., Teloschistes flavicans f. laetus (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans f. uruguayensis Gyeln., Teloschistes flavicans var. acromelus (Pers.) Müll.Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. compressus Js. Murray, Teloschistes flavicans var. croceus (Ach.) Müll.Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. flavicans (Sw.) Norman, Teloschistes flavicans var. intermedius Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. laetus (Ach.) Hillmann, Teloschistes flavicans var. maximus (Meyen & Flot.) Zahlbr., Teloschistes flavicans var. melanotrichus (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Teloschistes flavicans var. roccelliformis Räsänen, Teloschistes flavicans var. tenuissima (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Tornabenia flavicans (Sw.) A. Massal., Tornabenia flavicans f. cinerascens Stein, Tornabenia flavicans f. flavicans (Sw.) A. Massal., Xanthoria flavicans (Sw.) H. Olivier]
[Lecanora atra (Hudson) Ach., Lecanora atra var. torulosa Flörke ex Flot., Lecidea atroides Walt. Watson, Lichen ater Huds., Parmelia atra (Huds.) Ach., Parmelia subfusca var. atra (Huds.) Eschw., Patellaria atra (Huds.) Wibel, Psora atra (Huds) Hampe, Rinodina atra (Huds.) Gray, Scutellaria atra (Huds.) Baumg., Tephromela atra var. corticola (Hepp) Hafellner & Jerzer nom. illegit., Tephromela atra var. torulosa (Flot.) Hafellner, Tephromela torulosa (Flörke ex Flot.) Motyka nom. inval., Verrucaria atra (Huds.) Hoffm.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Nash et al. (2004b)
source: Nash et al. (2004b)
source: Cestaro et al. (2016)
[Buellia chloroleuca Körb., Buellia poeltii T. Schauer]
source: Nordin (2004)
[Buellia disciformis var. insignis (Nägeli) Flagey, Buellia insignis (Nageli ex Hepp) Th. Fr., Buellia insignis f. insignis (Nägeli ex Hepp) Th. Fr., Buellia insignis var. insignis (Nägeli ex Hepp) Th. Fr., Buellia parasema var. insignis (Nägeli) Hazsl., Lecidea insignis Nägeli ex Hepp, Lecidea insignis var. insignis Nägeli ex Hepp, Lecidea insignis var. muscorum Hepp]
source: Nordin (2004)
[Buellia papillata (Sommerf.) Tuck., Buellia papillata var. papillata (Sommerf.) Tuck., Buellia parasema var. papillata (Sommerf.) Th. Fr., Buelliopsis papillata (Sommerf.) Fink, Diplotomma papillatum (Sommerf.) C.W. Dodge, Lecidea papillata Sommerf., Lecidea papillata f. papillata Sommerf., Lecidea papillata f. subviridescens Nyl. ex Th. Fr.]
source: Kalb (2004)
[Buellia pulverulenta (Anzi) Jatta, Celidium muscigenae Anzi, Diplotomma pulverulentum (Anzi) D. Hawksw., Leciographa muscigenae (Anzi) Rehm]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Nordin & Tibell (2005)
[Buellia triphragmioides Anzi, Mattickiolichen triphragmioides (Anzi) Tomas. & Cif.]
source: Nordin & Tibell (2005)
source: Sohrabi et al. (2013a)
[Acolium sancti-jacobi Tuck., Cyphelium sancti-jacobi (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Trachylia sancti-jacobi (Tuck.) Nyl.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Acolium sancti-jacobi, Cyphelium sancti-jacobi
[Graphina anguiniformis (Vain.) Zahlbr]
source: Lendemer et al. (2009b)
[Graphina anguina (Mont.) Müll. Arg., Graphina anguina f. anguina (Mont.) Müll. Arg., Graphina anguina f. diffusa (Leight.) Erichsen, Graphina anguina f. divaricata (Leight.) Erichsen, Graphina anguina f. flexuosa (Leight.) Erichsen, Graphina anguina var. anguina (Mont.) Müll. Arg., Graphina anguina var. dendriticoides (Leight.) Zahlbr., Graphina anguina var. diffusa (Leight.) Zahlbr., Graphina anguina var. divaricata (Leight.) Zahlbr., Graphina anguina var. flexuosa (Leight.) Zahlbr., Graphina anguina var. pulverulenta (Arnold) A.L. Sm., Graphina inustula A.L. Sm., Graphis britannica Staiger, Graphis inustula Stirt., Graphis pulverulenta (Sm. & Sowerby) Lightf., Graphis pulverulenta f. betulina (Pers.) Szatala, Graphis pulverulenta f. elongata (Ehrh.) Szatala, Graphis pulverulenta f. minor (Hepp) Szatala, Graphis pulverulenta f. pulverulenta (Pers.) Ach., Graphis pulverulenta f. rugosa (Ach.) Szatala, Graphis pulverulenta f. stellaris (Meyen) Szatala, Graphis scripta var. divaricata Leight., Graphis sophistica var. dendriticoides Leight., Graphis sophistica var. diffusa Leight., Graphis sophistica var. divaricata (Leight.) Leight., Graphis sophistica var. flexuosa Leight., Graphis sophistica var. pulverulenta (Arnold) Leight., Stenographa anguina (Mont.) Mudd, Stenographa anguina var. anguina (Mont.) Mudd, Stenographa anguina var. diffusa Mudd, Stenographa anguina var. divaricata (Leight.) Mudd, Stenographa anguina var. flexuosa Mudd, Stenographa anguina var. radiata (Leight.) Mudd, Thalloloma pulverulentum Arnold, Ustalia anguina Mont., Ustalia anguina var. anguina Mont., Ustalia anguina var. flexuosa (Leight.) Malbr.]
source: Staiger (2002), Tripp et al. (2010)
[Graphis cinnabarina Fée, Phaeographis cinnabarina (Fée) Müll.Arg.]
source: Kocourková et al. (2010)
[Graphis hypolepta Nyl., Platythecium hypoleptum (Nyl.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw.]
source: Lendemer & Knudsen (2008b)
[Endocarpon crombiei Mudd, Nesolechia vermicularis Arnold, Pharcidia crombiei (Mudd) Sacc. & D. Sacc.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Cladonia subuliformis (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Cladonia vermicularis var. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer., Lichen subuliformis Ehrh., Thamnolia vermicularis f. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Harm., Thamnolia vermicularis subsp. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer., Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis (Ehrh.) Schaer.]
[Baeomyces vermicularis (Sw.) Ach., Cenomyce vermicularis (Sw.) Röhl., Cenomyce vermicularis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Ach., Cladonia amaurocraea var. vermicularis (Sw.) Flot., Cladonia gracilis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Mitt., Cladonia uncialis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Link, Cladonia vermicularis (Sw.) DC., Lichen vermicularis Sw., Patellaria fusca var. vermicularis (Sw.) Wallr., Patellaria turbinata f. leucitica Wallr., Pycnothelia vermicularis (Sw.) Dufour, Stereocaulon vermiculare (Sw.) Raeusch., Thamnolia subvermicularis Asah., Thamnolia subvermicularis f. subvermicularis Asahina, Thamnolia subvermicularis var. subvermicularis Asahina, Thamnolia vermicularis var. vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer.]
[Fissurina quassiicola Fée, Graphina pyelodes F. Wilson, Graphis quassiicola (Fée) Vain., Phaeographina quassiaecola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Phaeographina quassiaecola f. quassiaecola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Phaeographina quassiaecola f. toxopaei (Zahlbr.) Redinger, Phaeographina quassiicola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Phaeographina quassiicola f. quassiicola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Phaeographina quassiicola f. toxopaei (Zahlbr.) Redinger, Thecaria quassiaecola Fée]
source: Staiger (2002)
[Microglaena brasiliensis Müll.Arg.]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Microglaena sychnogonoides Zahlbr., Thelenella sychnogonioides (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris]
[Microglaena hassei Zahlbr.]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Microglaena inductula (Nyl.) Servít, Polyblastia inductula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Polyblastiopsis inductula (Nyl.) Fink, Verrucaria inductula Nyl.]
[Luykenia modesta (Nyl.) Trevis., Microglaena modesta (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Microglaena modesta f. modesta (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Microglaena modesta f. septentrionalis (Th. Fr.) H. Magn., Microglaena modesta var. carneofusca Makar., Microglaena modesta var. modesta (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Microglaena subcorallina Hasse, Polyblastia modesta (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Verrucaria modesta Nyl.]
[Microglaena pertusariella (Nyl.) Norman, Verrucaria pertusariella Nyl.]
source: Harris (1995a)
source: Harris (1995a)
source: Harris (1995a)
[Microglaena sordidula Th. Fr.]
[Microglaena sychnogonoides Zahlbr., Thelenella harrisii H. Mayrhofer]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Sagedia decipiens Hepp, Thelidium immersum (Leight.) Mudd, Thelidium immersum var. amylaceum (A. Massal.) Servít, Thelidium immersum var. immersum (Leight.) Mudd, Thelidium leightonii M. Choisy, Thelidium leightonii var. amylaceum (A. Massal.) Grummann, Thelidium leightonii var. leightonii M. Choisy, Verrucaria decipiens (Hepp) Nyl., Verrucaria immersa Leight., Verrucaria pyrenophora var. decipiens Nyl.]
[Involucrothele cataractarum (Hepp) Servít, Involucrothele fontigena (A. Massal.) Servít, Thelidium microbolum (Tuck.) Hasse, Verrucaria microbola Tuck.]
[Amphoroblastia calcivora (Nyl.) Servít, Amphoroblastia calcivora var. calcivora (Nyl.) Servít, Amphoroblastia calcivora var. minor Servít, Amphoroblastia incavata (Nyl. ex Mudd) Servít, Amphoroblastia incavata f. dominans (Arnold) Servít, Amphoroblastia incavata f. incavata (Nyl. ex Mudd) Servít, Amphoroblastia incavata f. obtecta (Arnold) Grummann, Polyblastia calcivora (Nyl.) Croz., Polyblastia incavata (Nyl. ex Mudd) Croz., Verrucaria incavata Nyl., Verrucaria pyrenophora f. calcivora Nyl.]
[Involucrothele minima (A. Massal. ex Körb.) Servít, Sagedia minima (A. Massal. ex Körb.) Hepp, Verrucaria minima A. Massal. ex Körb.]
[Arthopyrenia mesotropa (Nyl.) Arnold, Psora minutulum Körb., Thelidium acrotellum Arnold, Thelidium aethioboloides Vain., Thelidium exile Arnold, Thelidium hospitum Arnold, Thelidium mesotropum (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Thelidium terrestre Walt. Watson, Verrucaria mesotropa Nyl., Verrucaria parvula (Arnold) Stizenb.]
[Phragmothele papularis (Fr.) Clem., Verrucaria sprucei Bab.]
[Involucrothele pyrenophora (Ach.) Servít, Involucrothele pyrenophora f. minor (Kremp.) Grummann, Involucrothele pyrenophora f. pyrenophora (Ach.) Servít, Leiophloea pyrenophora (Ach.) Trevis., Paraphysothele viridis (Deakin) Zschacke, Polyblastia mortensis Walt. Watson, Sagedia pyrenophora (Ach.) Hepp, Sagedia pyrenophora var. arenaria Hepp, Sagedia pyrenophora var. pyrenophora (Ach.) Hepp, Segestrella pyrenophora (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Thelidium borreri Mudd, Thelidium explicatum (Stirt.) Wheldon & A. Wilson, Verrucaria borreri (Mudd) Leight., Verrucaria explicata Stirt., Verrucaria pyrenophora Ach., Verrucaria pyrenophora f. pyrenophora Ach., Verrucaria pyrenophora var. incincta Vain., Verrucaria pyrenophora var. pyrenophora Ach., Verrucaria viridis Deakin]
[Pyrenula zwackhii (Hepp) Hepp, Sagedia zwackhii Hepp, Segestria zwackhii (Hepp) Trevis., Thelidium microcarpum (Davies ex Leight.) A.L. Sm., Thelidium sparsulum (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Thelidium subgelatinosum Zschacke, Verrucaria microcarpa Davies ex Leight., Verrucaria sparsula Nyl., Verrucaria sparsula var. evoluta Servít, Verrucaria sparsula var. sparsula Nyl., Verrucaria zwackhii (Hepp) Garov.]
source: Harris & Lendemer (2005)
[Thelocarpon epithallinum Leight.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Ahlesia impressella (Nyl.) G. Salisb.]
source: Dillman et al. (2012)
[Thelocarpon intermixtulum Nyl., Thelocarpon intermixtulum var. intermixtulum Nyl., Thelocarpon intermixtulum var. olivaceum (B. de Lesd.) H. Magn.]
[Sphaeropsis laureri Flot., Thelocarpon epilithellum Nyl., Thelocarpon interceptum Nyl., Thelococcum interceptum (Nyl.) H. Magn., Thelomphale laureri (Flot.) Körb.]
[Ahlesia lichenicola Fuckel]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Hafellner et al. (2002)
[Ahlesia sphaerospora (H. Magn.) G. Salisb.]
[Cyphelium brunneum W.A. Weber]
source: Prieto & Wedin (2017)
[Cyphelium andersonii Herre, Cyphelium californicum (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Cyphelium farlowii Tuck. ex Herre]
[Acolium bolanderi Tuck., Cypheliopsis bolanderi (Tuck.) Vain.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.:Cypheliopsis bolanderi, Acolium bolanderi, source: Tuckerman (1888)
[Ramonia melathelia (Nyl.) Ertz, Sagedia melathelia (Nyl.) Jatta, Thelopsis melathelia var. melathelia Nyl., Verrucaria melathelia (Nyl.) Leight.]
[Sagedia rubella (A. Massal.) Anzi, Verrucaria rubella (Nyl.) Leight. nom. illegit.]
[Phaeotrema californicum (Tuck.) Zahlbr.]
Oregon. Lincoln Co.: Ona Beach State Park, 8 mi. S of Newport, Sitka spruce & pines at shore, 20.8.1975, C. M. Wetmore 24624 (MIN). New to Northern Hemisphere (com. T. Lumbsch).
[Chapsa dilatata (Müll. Arg.) Kalb, Ocellularia dilatata Müll.Arg., Pseudochapsa dilatata (Müll. Arg.) Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch]
[Fibrillithecis eximia (R.C. Harris) Rivas Plata & Lücking]
[Ocellularia annulosa Müll.Arg., Ocellularia cricota F. Wilson, Ocellularia zeorina Müll.Arg., Phaeotrema consimile Müll.Arg., Phaeotrema cricotum (F. Wilson) Müll. Arg., Phaeotrema lacteum (Kremp.) Müll. Arg., Thelotrema consimile (Müll. Arg.) Shirley]
[Ocellularia lathraea (Tuck.) Zahlbr.]
[Antrocarpum inclusum (Sowerby) Spreng., Antrocarpum lepadinum (Ach.) Trevis., Endocarpon lepadinum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Endocarpon lepadinum var. lepadinum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Endocarpon lepadinum var. scutelliforme (Ach.) Wahlenb., Lichen inclusus Sowerby, Lichen lepadinus Ach., Lichen opegraphus var. scutelliforme (Ach.) Lam., Parmelia lepadina (Ach.) Hornem., Pertusaria lepadina (Ach.) Hornem., Thelotrema inclusum (Sowerby) Funck, Thelotrema lepadinum f. rupestre (Turner) Cromb., Thelotrema lepadinum var. inclusum (Sowerby) Ach., Thelotrema lepadinum var. lepadinum (Ach.) Ach., Thelotrema lepadinum var. rupestre Turner, Thelotrema lepadinum var. scutelliforme Ach., Thelotrema obconicum Räsänen, Thelotrematomyces lepadini E.A. Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas., Urceolaria lepadina (Ach.) Tuck. ex Curtis, Volvaria lepadina (Ach.) A. Massal.]
[Phaeotrema pachysporum (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Brassia porinoides (Mont. & Bosch) A. Massal. nom. inval., Ocellularia floridensis Fink ex J. Hedrick, Ocellularia porinoides (Ach.) Spreng.]
[Ocellularia subtilis (Tuck.) Riddle, Ocellularia subtilis subsp. japonica (Zahlbr.) G. Salisb., Ocellularia subtilis subsp. subtilis (Tuck.) Riddle]
[Ocellularia suecica H. Magn.]
source: Esslinger & Egan (1995)
[Collema velutinum (Ach.) Ach., Collema velutinum var. pannosum (Hoffm.) Rabenh., Collema velutinum var. velutinum (Ach.) Ach., Gonionema velutinum (Ach.) Nyl., Lichen velutinus Ach., Polychidium velutinum (Ach.) Gray, Sirosiphon velutinus (Ach.) C. Agardh]
[Verrucaria aorista Nyl., Verrucaria epigaea var. aorista (Nyl.) Nyl.]
source: Breuss (2002f)
[Verrucaria discordans Nyl.]
[Inoderma epigaeum (Pers.) Gray, Lichen terrestris Sm., Pyrenotea epigaea (Pers.) Spreng., Sphaeria epigaea Pers., Thrombium aoristoides I.M. Lamb, Verrucaria epigaea (Pers.) Ach., Verrucaria epigaea var. epigaea (Pers.) Ach.]
source: Henssen & Jørgensen (1990)
[Collema girardii Durieu & Mont., Omphalaria girardii (Durieu & Mont.) Nyl.]
[Lecanora elaeina (Wahlenb.) Ach., Pannaria elaeina (Wahlenb.) Nyl., Parmelia elaeina Wahlenb., Vestergrenopsis elaeina (Wahlenb.) Gyelnik]
source: Hafellner & Spribille (2016)
[Pannaria isidiata Degel., Vestergrenopsis isidiata (Degel.) E. Dahl]
source: Hafellner & Spribille (2016)
[Koerberia sonomensis (Tuck.) Henssen, Pannaria sonomensis Tuck., Vestergrenopsis sonomensis (Tuck.) T. Sprib. & Muggia]
source: Hafellner & Spribille (2016)
source: Bendiksby & Timdal (2013)
[Cyrtidula americana Minks ex Willey]
[Cyrtidula macularis Minks ex Willey]
[Biatorina alutacea (Anzi) Jatta, Thalloidima alutaceum Anzi]
[Thalloidima arcticum (Timdal) Timdal]
[Arthrospora squamulosa (Mudd) Arnold, Bacidia candida (Leight.) Zahlbr., Biatora acervulata (Nyl.) Hepp, Biatora aromatica (Turner) Hepp, Bilimbia acervulata (Nyl.) Jatta, Bilimbia aromatica (Turner) Jatta, Bilimbia candida (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Bilimbia squamulosa (Mudd) A.L. Sm., Bilimbia turneri (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea acervulata Nyl., Lecidea aromatica (Turner) Turner, Lecidea aromatica var. aromatica Turner, Lecidea coeruleonigricans var. aromatica (Turner) Taylor, Lichen aromaticus Turner, Patellaria aromatica (Turner) Mathieu, Psora aromatica (Turner) Boistel, Thalloidima acervulatum (Nyl.) Körb., Toninia acervulata (Nyl.) Kremp., Toninia turneri (Leight.) H. Olivier, Toniniopsis aromatica (Sm.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Lecidea aromatica
[Biatora athallina Hepp, Catillaria athallina (Hepp) Hellb., Kiliasia athallina (Hepp) Hafellner]
[Bibbya bullata (Meyen & Flot.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman, Bibbya muelleri (F. Wilson) J.H. Willis, Lecidea bullata Meyer & Flot., Siphula muelleri F. Wilson, Thalloidima bullatum (Meyen & Flot.) Müll. Arg., Thalloidima nitidum Müll.Arg., Toninia nitida (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr.]
[Biatora candida (Weber) Hepp, Biatorina candida (Weber) Jatta, Diphloeis candida (Weber) Clem., Lecidea candida (Weber) Ach., Lepidoma candidum (Weber) Gray, Lichen candidus Weber, Patellaria candida (Weber) Hoffm., Placodium candidum (Weber) Link, Psora candida (Weber) Hoffm., Skolekites candidus (Weber) Norman, Thalloidima candidum (Weber) A. Massal.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Lecidea candida
[Lecidea cinereovirens Schaer.]
[Bibbya lutosa (Ach.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman, Lecidea lutosa Ach.]
(?)Catillaria crystallifera
[Lecidea massata Tuck., Thalloidima massatum (Tuck.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Lecidea massata
[Lecidea opuntioides (Vill.) Brisson, Lichen opuntioides Vill., Psora opuntioides (Vill.) DC., Thalloidima opuntioides (Vill.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman]
[Kiliasia pennina (Schaer.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman, Lecidea pennina Schaer.]
[Catillaria arctica Lynge, Catillaria kansuensis H. Magn., Catillaria philippea (Mont.) A. Massal., Kiliasia philippea (Mont.) Hafellner]
[Bacillina antipolitana Nyl., Biatorina lurida (Arnold) Jatta, Isidium luridum (Arnold) Moris, Lecidea physaroides Opiz, Thalloidima luridum Bagl., Thalloidima physaroides (Opiz) Opiz, Toninia lurida (Arnold) H. Olivier]
[Bibbya ruginosa (Tuck.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman, Lecidea ruginosa Tuck.]
[Bibbya ruginosa subsp. pacifica (Timdal) Timdal]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Lecidea ruginosa
[Catillaria sculptruata, Catillaria sculpturata H. Magn., Kiliasia sculpturata (H.Magn.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman]
[Biatorina coeruleonigricans, Lecidea glebosa Ach., Lichen coeruleonigricans, Lichen sedifolius Scop., Thalloidima coeruleonigricans, Thalloidima coeruleonigricans f. caulescens (Lettau) Szatala, Thalloidima coeruleonigricans f. caullescens (Lettau) Szatala, Thalloidima coeruleonigricans f. dispersum (Nyl.) Szatala, Thalloidima sedifolium (Scop.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S. Ekman, Toninia arenaria Räsänen, Toninia carolitana (Arnold) Nimis & Poelt, Toninia muricola B. de Lesd., Toninia subtabacina (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Verrucaria grisea Willd.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Lecidea coeruleonigricians auct.
[Lecidea squalescens Nyl., Thalloidima squalescens (Nyl.) Stein]
Cited by Coppins & Fryday (2006b), but misplaced here?, source: Coppins & Fryday (2006b)
[Biatora squalida (Ach.) Hepp, Bilimbia cinereovirens (Schaer.) Jatta, Bilimbia squalida (Ach.) Jatta, Lecidea atrorufa var. squarrosa Ach., Lecidea squalida Ach., Patellaria squalida (Ach.) Duby, Psora cinereovirens (Schaer.) Duby, Psora squalida (Ach.) Acloque, Scolecites squalida (Ach.) Stizenb., Toninia havaasii H. Magn., Toninia havaasii f. havaasii H. Magn., Toninia havaasii f. tatrensis H. Magn. ex Tobol., Toninia havaasii subsp. aggregata (Vezda) Hild. Baumgärtner, Toninia havaasii subsp. havaasii H. Magn., Toninia squarrosa (Ach.) Th. Fr.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Lecidea squalida, L. squalida var. caulescens
[Thalloidima subdiffractum (Timdal) Timdal]
[Lecanora subdispersa Nyl.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Knudsen & Lendemer (2007)
[Bacidia ioessa Herre, Thalloidima ioen (Herre) S.Ekman & Timdal]
[Catillaria subnitida Hellb.]
source: Hafellner & Türk (2001)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: van den Boom (2004)
[Kiliasia superioris (Timdal) Timdal]
[Thalloidima tauricum Szatala]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Lecanora tristicolor Th. Fr., Lecanora tristicolor var. macrospora Räsänen, Lecanora tristicolor var. tristicolor Th. Fr., Psora tabacina var. tristis Th. Fr., Thalloidima triste (Th. Fr.) Vain.]
[Lecidea scholanderi Lynge, Psora scholanderi (Lynge) Anderson]
[Bilimbia carbonacea (Anzi) Jatta, Lecidea aromatica var. verrucarioides Nyl., Lecidea carbonacea (Anzi) Leight., Lecidea endocarpicola Linds., Mycobilimbia endocarpicola (Linds.) Vouaux, Toninia aromatica subsp. cervina (Lönnr.) Hild. Baumgärtner, Toninia aromatica var. cervina (Lönnr.) Th. Fr., Toninia carbonacea Anzi, Toninia cervina Lönnr., Toninia kolax Poelt, Toniniopsis verrucarioides (Nyl.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Kiliasia granulosa (Szatala) Timdal, Thalloidima granulosum Szatala]
[Lecanora gyalectodes Nyl.]
source: Ryan & Lumbsch (2007), Knudsen et al. (2008b)
[Biatora arridens (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, Biatora coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata f. albomarginata (Hazsl.) Oxner, Biatora coarctata f. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata f. terrestris Flot., Biatora coarctata subsp. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata var. biatoriza (Vain.) Räsänen, Biatora coarctata var. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Th. Fr., Biatora coarctata var. petractis Norman, Biatora coarctata var. trapelia (Ach.) Räsänen, Biatora coarctata var. valamoënsis (Vain.) Räsänen, Gasparrinia coarctata (Turner) Tornab., Lecanactis arridens Nyl., Lecanora coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata f. albomarginata (Hazsl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata f. cotaria Ach., Lecanora coarctata f. fulgiana Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. ochrinactella (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. sorediosa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata f. subfumigata (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata subsp. angelica Parrique, Lecanora coarctata subsp. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata var. argilliseda Dufour ex Schaer., Lecanora coarctata var. biatoriza (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata var. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Lecanora coarctata var. exposita (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecanora coarctata var. expositella (Vain.) Zahlbr., Lecanora coarctata var. fossulans Stizenb., Lecanora coarctata var. listrata Ach., Lecanora coarctata var. prominula Schaer., Lecanora coarctata var. trapelia (Ach.) Zahlbr., Lecidea arridens Nyl., Lecidea coarctata (Smith) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata f. albomarginata (Hazsl.) Szatala, Lecidea coarctata f. coarctata (Turner) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata f. deliciosula Th. Fr., Lecidea coarctata f. depauperata Leight., Lecidea coarctata f. fulgiana (Chevall.) Zahlbr., Lecidea coarctata f. prominula (Schaer.) Szatala, Lecidea coarctata f. sorediosa B. de Lesd., Lecidea coarctata f. subfumigata Nyl. ex Zwackh, Lecidea coarctata f. terrula Hulting, Lecidea coarctata subsp. coarctata (Turner) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata subsp. dioritica Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. argilliseda (Dufour ex Schaer.) Arnold, Lecidea coarctata var. biatoriza Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. coarctata (Turner) Nyl., Lecidea coarctata var. dioritica (Vain.) Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. exposita Nyl., Lecidea coarctata var. expositella Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. lutosa Zahlbr., Lecidea coarctata var. ochrinactella Vain., Lecidea coarctata var. trapelia (Ach.) Vain., Lecidea fulgiana Chevall., Lichen coarctatus Turner, Parmelia coarctata (Turner) Ach., Parmelia coarctata var. coarctata (Turner) Ach., Patellaria coarctata (Turner) Wallr., Rinodina coarctata (Turner) Gray, Zeora coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Flot., Zeora coarctata f. albomarginata Hazsl., Zeora coarctata f. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Flot., Zeora coarctata var. coarctata (Turner ex Sm.) Flot., Zeora coarctata var. variolosa Flot.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Biatora coarctata, Lecidea coarctata
[Biatora coarctata f. glebulosa (Sm.) Arnold, Flora, Regensburg 67: 549 (1884), Biatora coarctata var. glebulosa (Sm.) Arnold, Lecidea coarctata f. glebulosa (Sm.) Leight., Lecidea coarctata var. glebulosa (Sm.) Mudd, Lecidea glebulosa (Sm.) Jatta, Lecidea granulosa f. glebulosa (Sm.) Sandst., Lecidea gregaria G. Merr., Lecidea pholidiota Ach., Syn. meth. lich. (Lund): 53 (1814), Lepidoma glebulosum (Sm.) Gray, Lichen glebulosus Sm., Patellaria glebulosa (Sm.) Spreng., Psora glebulosa (Sm.) Hook.]
source: Laundon (2005)
[Biatora coarctata var. obtegens Th. Fr., Lecanora coarctata var. obtegens (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecidea coarctata var. obtegens (Th. Fr.) Th. Fr., Lecidea obtegens (Th. Fr.) Lettau, Lecidea obtegens f. obtegens (Th. Fr.) Lettau, Lecidea obtegens f. ochrinactella Vain.]
source: Brodo & Lendemer (2015)
[Biatora aeneofusca (Flörke) Arnold, Lecidea aeneofusca Flörke ex Flot.]
source: Aptroot (1996)
source: McCune et al. (2002)
[Biatora decolorans var. flexuosa (Fr.) Fr., Biatora flexuosa Fr., Biatora granulosa var. flexuosa (Fr.) Flot., Lecidea aeruginosa Borr., Lecidea decolorans subsp. flexuosa (Fr.) Cromb., Lecidea decolorans var. flexuosa (Fr.) Link, Lecidea flexuosa (Fr.) Nyl., Lecidea flexuosa f. aeruginosa (Borrer) Leight., Lecidea flexuosa f. flexuosa Fr., Lecidea flexuosa var. aeruginosa (Borrer) Mudd, Lecidea flexuosa var. flexuosa Fr., Lecidea granulosa subsp. flexuosa (Fr.) Th. Fr., Lecidea granulosa var. flexuosa (Fr.) Schaer., Lecidea sapinea f. aeruginosa (Borrer) Zahlbr., Lecidea sporadiza Stirt., Lecidea wallrothii subsp. flexuosa (Fr.) Lamy, Trapelia flexuosa (Fr.) Neuwirth & Türk nom. inval.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Biatora granulosa var. flexuosa, Lecidea aeruginosa, L. flexuosa
[Biatora gelatinosa (Flörke) Flot., Biatora granulosa var. escharoides (Hoffm.) Arnold, Helocarpon gelatinosum (Flörke) M. Choisy, Helocarpon granulosum f. escharoides (Hoffm.) M. Choisy, Lecidea escharoides (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecidea gelatinosa Flörke, Lecidea gelatinosa subsp. gelatinosa Flörke, Lecidea granulosa f. escharoides (Hoffm.) Schaer., Lecidea viridescens var. gelatinosa (Flörke) Nyl., Lichen escharoides Hoffm., Micarea gelatinosa (Flörke) Brodo, Patellaria gelatinosa (Flörke) Duby, Verrucaria escharoides (Hoffm.) Ehrh.]
[Lecidea admiscens Nyl., Lecidea glaucopholis Nyl.]
[Biatora decolorans (Hoffm.) Fr., Biatora decolorans var. decolorans (Hoffm.) Fr., Biatora granulosa (Hoffm.) Flot., Biatora granulosa f. granulosa (Ehrh.) Flot., Biatora granulosa var. granulosa (Ehrh.) Flot., Biatora viridescens var. sapinea Fr., Helocarpon granulosum (Hoffm.) M. Choisy, Helocarpon granulosum f. granulosum (Ehrh.) M. Choisy, Helocarpon sapineum (Fr.) M. Choisy, Lecanora granulosa (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecanora granulosa var. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea decolorans (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea decolorans f. fusconigra Nyl., Lecidea decolorans subsp. decolorans (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea decolorans var. decolorans (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea decolorans var. quadricolor (Dicks.) Branth & Rostr., Lecidea granulosa (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecidea granulosa f. aporetica Ach., Lecidea granulosa f. fusconigra (Nyl.) Th. Fr., Lecidea granulosa f. glomerata Erichsen, Lecidea granulosa f. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea granulosa f. hilaris (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell, Lecidea granulosa subsp. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea granulosa var. granulosa (Ehrh.) Ach., Lecidea quadricolor (Dicks.) Borrer, Lecidea sapinea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecidea sapinea f. sapinea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Lecidea sapinea var. sapinea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Lichen quadricolor Dicks., Patellaria decolorans Hoffm., Trapelia granulosa (Hoffm.) V. Wirth, Verrucaria decolorans (Hoffm.) Hoffm., Verrucaria granulosa Hoffm.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Biatora decolorans, B. granulosa, Lecidea granulosa, L. quadricolor
source: McCune et al. (2002)
[Biatora viridescens (Schrad.) W. Mann, Biatora viridescens f. putrida (Körb.) Oxner, Biatora viridescens f. viridescens (Schrad.) W. Mann, Biatora viridescens var. viridescens (Schrad.) W. Mann, Helocarpon viridescens (Schrad.) M. Choisy, Lecidea viridescens (Schrad.) Ach., Lecidea viridescens var. viridescens (Schrad.) Ach., Lichen viridescens Schrad., Micarea viridescens (Schrad.) Brodo, Patellaria viridescens (Schrad.) DC., Trapelia viridescens (Schrad.) V. Wirth]
[Homostegia parmeliana (Jacz.) Vouaux]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Hafellner (2001)
[Lindauopsis caloplacae Zahlbr., Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 24: 145 (1906)]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2007a)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Harris (2006a)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Freebury (2014)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Millanes et al. (2012)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2007a)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2007a)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2007a)
[Aspicilia melanophaea (Fr.) Körb., Aspicilia melanophaea f. concolor Anzi, Aspicilia melanophaea f. melanophaea (Fr.) Körb., Gyalecta atrata Ach., Lecidea atrata (Ach.) Wahlenb., Lecidea atrata subsp. atrata (Ach.) Wahlenb., Lecidea atrata subsp. brachyspora Vain., Lecidea dicksonii (J.F. Gmel.) Ach., Lecidea dicksonii var. dicksonii (J.F. Gmel.) Ach., Lecidea dicksonii var. immergens Vain., Lecidea dicksonii var. melanophaea (Fr.) Vain., Lecidea melanophaea Fr., Lecidea sincerula Nyl., Tremolechia atrata (Ach.) Hertel]
[Microxyphiomyces cuneatus (L.I. Ferraro & Vězda) Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Lücking]
source: Lücking et al. (2007)
source: Sanders & Lücking (2015)
source: Lücking et al. (2007)
[Microxyphiomyces santessonii (D. Hawks.) XavierLeite, M. Cáceres & Lücking,]
source: Lücking et al. (2007)
source: Lücking et al. (2007)
[Microxyphiomyces manaosensis Bat., Valle & Peres, Microxyphiomyces vainioi (R. Sant.) Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Lücking]
source: Lücking et al. (2007)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Lendemer et al. (2016c)
source: Lendemer (2016b)
[Trichothelium akeassii U. Becker & Lücking, Trichothelium epiphyllum var. epiphyllum Müll.Arg.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Kocourková et al. (2012)
[Melanophloea americana K. Knudsen & Lendemer]
source: Knudsen & Lendemer (2016)
[Acarospora dispersa H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen & Lendemer (2016)
[Acarospora terricola H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen & Lendemer (2016)
[Conotrema stictideum (Nyl.) G. Salisb., Gyalecta stictidea (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecidea stictidea Nyl., Ocellularia stictidea (Nyl.) Vězda]
source: Lücking et al. (2011)
[Astrothelium varium Eschw., Astrothelium varium var. citrinum Eschw., Astrothelium varium var. varium Eschw., Holstiella usambarensis Henn., Massarina usambarensis (Henn.) Höhn., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae (Spreng.) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae subsp. eluteriae (Spreng.) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae subsp. subsulphurea Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae var. anacardii (Fée) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae var. eluteriae (Spreng.) Vain., Pseudopyrenula eluteriae var. sprengelii (Ach.) Vain., Trypethelium anacardii Fée, Trypethelium areolatum Mont., Trypethelium assimile Stirt., Trypethelium crocosarca Berk. & Broome, Trypethelium eluteriae var. anacardii (Fée) Zahlbr., Trypethelium eluteriae var. citrinum (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Trypethelium eluteriae var. endochlorum Müll. Arg., Flora, Regensburg 68: 255 (1885), Trypethelium eluteriae var. expallidum Müll. Arg., Trypethelium eluteriae var. nigricans (Fée) Trevis., Trypethelium eluteriae var. sprengelii (Ach.) Zahlbr., Trypethelium eluteriae var. subsulphureum (Vain.) Riddle, Trypethelium eluteriae var. truncatum Müll.Arg., Trypethelium insigne Müll.Arg., Trypethelium leprosulum Zahlbr., Trypethelium luteum Taylor, Trypethelium medians Harm., Trypethelium montagnei Trevis., Trypethelium perrotetii Fée, Trypethelium pringlei Eckfeldt, Trypethelium scitulens Eckfeldt, Trypethelium sprengelii Ach., Trypethelium sprengelii var. anacardii (Fée) Nyl., Trypethelium sprengelii var. nigricans Fée, Trypethelium sprengelii var. sprengelii Ach., Trypethelium subsulphureum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria trypetheliiformis Mont.]
[Trypethelium ceylonicum Makhija & Patw., Trypethelium eluteriae var. polystomum Malme]
source: Harris (1995a)
source: Esslinger (2003)
[Cetraria coralligera (W.A. Weber) Hale, Cetraria fendleri f. coralligera W.A. Weber, Tuckermannopsis coralligera (W.A. Weber) W.A. Weber, Tuckermanopsis coralligera (W.A. Weber) W.A. Weber]
[Cetraria fendleri (Nyl.) Tuck., Parmelia fendleri Nyl., Platysma fendleri Nyl., Tuckermannopsis fendleri (Nyl.) Hale, Tuckermanopsis fendleri (Nyl.) Hale]
source: Esslinger (2003)
[Cetraria weberi Essl.]
source: Esslinger 2003)
[Cetraria ciliaris var. halei (W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) Ahti, Cetraria halei W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb., Nephroma americana Spreng., Nephroma americanum Spreng., Tuckermannopsis halei (W.L. Culb. & C.F. Culb.) M.J. Lai, Tuckermanopsis americana (Spreng.) Hale]
[Cetraria chlorophylla (Willd.) Vain., Cetraria chlorophylla f. chlorophylla (Willd.) Poetsch, Cetraria chlorophylla f. esorediosa Hillmann, Cetraria chlorophylla var. adpressa Erichsen, Cetraria chlorophylla var. chlorophylla (Willd.) Poetsch, Cetraria chlorophylla var. klementii (Servít) H. Magn., Cetraria chlorophylla var. pallida (Räsänen) Zahlbr., Cetraria chlorophylla var. ulophylla (Ach.) Maas Geest., Cetraria scutata auct. Poetsch non Wulfen, Cetraria scutata f. scutata (Wulfen) Poetsch, Cetraria scutata f. tectorum Räsänen, Cetraria scutata var. klementii Servít, Cetraria scutata var. pallida Räsänen, Cetraria scutata var. scutata (Wulfen) Poetsch, Cetraria ulophylla (Ach.) Rebent., Lichen chlorophyllus Willd., Peltidea chlorophylla (Willd.) Ach., Peltigera chlorophylla (Willd.) Willd., Platysma chlorophyllum (Willd.) Vain., Platysma ulophyllum Ach., Tuckermanopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale]
[Cetraria ciliaris Ach., Tuckermanopsis ciliaris (Ach.) Gyeln.]
[Cetraria orbata (Nyl.) Fink, Platysma orbatum Nyl., Tuckermanopsis orbata (Nyl.) M.J. Lai]
[Cetraria platyphylla Tuck., Tuckermanopsis platyphylla (Tuck.) Gyeln.]
source: Thell et al. (2009)
[Cetraria sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach., Cetraria sepincola f. sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach., Cetraria sepincola var. sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach., Cetraria sepincola var. ulophylla Ach., Lichen sepincola Ehrh., Lobaria sepincola (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Parmelia sepincola (Ehrh.) Spreng., Physcia sepincola (Ehrh.) DC., Platysma sepincola (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Platysma sepincola var. sepincola (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Platysma sepincola var. ulophylla (Ach.) Nyl., Tuckermanopsis sepincola (Ehrh.) Hale]
source: Thell et al. (2009)
[Cetraria arborialis (G. Merr.) G.E. Howard, Cetraria subalpina Imshaug, Tuckermanopsis subalpina (Imshaug) Kärnefelt]
source: Thell et al. (2009)
[Blarneya hibernica D. Hawksw., Coppins & P. James]
source: Lendemer et al. (2013)
[Ditylis moderata (Nyl.) Clem.]
[Biatora bahusiensis Blomb., Biatorina bahusiensis (Blomb.) Fink, Biatorina biformigera (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Biatorina columnatula (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Biatorina obturbans (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Catillaria bahusiensis (Blomb.) Th. Fr., Catillaria biformigera (Leight.) P. James, Catillaria columnatula (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Catillaria obturbans (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Lecanactis biformigera (Leight.) Zahlbr., Lecidea biformigera Leight., Lecidea columnatula Nyl., Lecidea obturbans Nyl.]
[Gyrophora angulata (Tuck.) Herre, Umbilicaria angulata var. angulata Tuck., Umbilicaria angulata var. compacta Krog]
[Gyrophora aprina (Nyl.) Nyl., Gyrophora canescens Dombr., Umbilicaria canescens (Dombr.) Dombr.]
[Gyrophora arctica Ach., Gyrophora arctica f. arctica Ach., Gyrophora arctica f. nuda Räsänen, Gyrophora arctica f. pruinosa Räsänen, Gyrophora hyperborea var. arctica (Ach.) Mudd, Gyrophora proboscidea var. arctica (Ach.) Wahlenb., Umbilicaria varia var. arctica (Ach.) Leight.]
[Gyrophora cinereorufescens (Schaer.) Schol., Gyrophora cinereorufescens var. cinereorufescens (Schaer.) Schol., Gyrophoropsis cinereorufescens (Schaer.) M. Choisy, Umbilicaria vellea f. cinereorufescens Schaer.]
[Gyrophora crustulosa Ach., Gyrophora spodochroa var. crustulosa (Ach.) Arnold, Gyrophoropsis crustulosa (Ach.) Räsänen, Omphalodiscus crustulosus (Ach.) Schol.]
[Bacidia cornea (With.) A. Massal., Graphis cylindrica (L.) Wallr., Gyromium cylindricum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora crinita (Lightf.) Chevall., Gyrophora cylindrica (L.) Ach., Gyrophora cylindrica f. cylindrica (L.) Ach., Gyrophora cylindrica f. denticulata (Ach.) Mudd, Gyrophora cylindrica f. fimbriata (Ach.) Cromb., Gyrophora cylindrica f. lacunosorugosa Gyeln., Gyrophora cylindrica f. nudiuscula (Schaer.) Barkh., Gyrophora cylindrica f. propagulifera Vain., Gyrophora cylindrica f. subfimbriata Gyeln., Gyrophora cylindrica var. austroamericana Räsänen, Gyrophora cylindrica var. complicata Barkh., Gyrophora cylindrica var. corrugatoides (Frey) Schol., Gyrophora cylindrica var. cylindrica (L.) Ach., Gyrophora cylindrica var. delisei (Nyl.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora cylindrica var. denticulata Ach., Gyrophora cylindrica var. denudata (Turner & Borrer) Mudd, Gyrophora cylindrica var. exasperata (Turner & Borrer) Mudd, Gyrophora cylindrica var. fimbriata Ach., Gyrophora cylindrica var. laciniata (Retz.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora cylindrica var. mesenteriformis (Wulfen) Flot., Gyrophora cylindrica var. nudiuscula (Schaer.) Flot., Gyrophora cylindrica var. subfimbriata Gyeln., Gyrophora cylindrica var. tornata (Ach.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora delisei (Nyl.) Despr., Gyrophora delisei var. delisei (Despr.) Räsänen, Gyrophora delisei var. turjaensis Räsänen, Gyrophora denticulata (Ach.) Flörke, Gyrophora polymorpha f. crinita (Hoffm.) Schaer., Gyrophora proboscidea var. denticulata (Ach.) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora proboscidea var. denudata Turner & Borrer, Lecidea cornea (With.) Ach., Lichen carneus var. laciniatus Retz., Lichen corneus With., Lichen cylindricus L., Secoliga cornea (With.) Schuler, Umbilicaria crinita Hoffm., Umbilicaria cylindrica f. denticulata (Ach.) Leight., Umbilicaria cylindrica f. laciniata (Retz.) Frey, Umbilicaria cylindrica var. cylindrica (L.) Delise, Umbilicaria cylindrica var. delisei Nyl., Umbilicaria cylindrica var. denticulata (Ach.) Leight., Umbilicaria cylindrica var. denudata (Turner & Borrer) Frey, Umbilicaria cylindrica var. fimbriata (Ach.) Nyl., Umbilicaria cylindrica var. laciniata (Retz.) Zahlbr., Umbilicaria delisei (Nyl.) Kremp., Umbilicaria varia f. denudata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria varia var. proboscidea]
[Agyrophora decussata (Vill.) Gyeln., Gyrophora decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora decussata f. decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora decussata var. decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr., Lichen decussatus Vill., Omphalodiscus decussatus (Vill.) Schol., Omphalodiscus decussatus f. decussatus (Vill.) Schol., Omphalodiscus decussatus var. decussatus (Vill.) Schol.]
[Gyromium deustum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora deusta (L.) Ach., Gyrophora deusta f. brotera Ach., Gyrophora deusta f. deusta (L.) Ach., Gyrophora deusta f. minor Kosk.{?}, Gyrophora deusta f. squamigera (Leight.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora deusta f. subpapulosa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora deusta var. deusta (L.) Ach., Gyrophora flocculosa (Wulfen) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora polyphylla var. flocculosa (Wulfen) Hepp, Lichen deustus L., Lichen flocculosus Wulfen, Umbilicaria flocculosa (Wulfen) Hoffm., Umbilicaria flocculosa f. flocculosa (Wulfen) Hoffm., Umbilicaria flocculosa f. subpapulosa Nyl., Umbilicaria varia var. deusta (L.) Leight., Umbilicaria varia var. flocculosa (Wulfen) Leight.]
[Gyromium velleum var. hirsutum (Sw. ex Westr.) Wahlenb., Gyromium velleum var. murinum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora depressa f. murina (Ach.) Schaer., Gyrophora depressa var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Schaer., Gyrophora grisea Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora grisea f. grisea (Hoffm.) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach., Gyrophora hirsuta f. grisea (Hoffm.) Bachm., Gyrophora hirsuta f. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach., Gyrophora hirsuta f. murina (Ach.) Anzi, Gyrophora hirsuta var. grisea (Hoffm.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora hirsuta var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach., Gyrophora hirsuta var. murina (Ach.) Flörke, Gyrophora murina (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora spodochroa f. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Arnold, Gyrophora vellea var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Rabenh., Lecidea hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Spreng., Lecidea hirsuta var. murina (Ach.) Spreng., Lichen hirsutus Sw. ex Westr., Lichen murinus Ach., Umbilicaria depressa var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Schaer., Umbilicaria depressa var. murina (Ach.) Duby, Umbilicaria grisea Hoffm., Umbilicaria grisea f. grisea Ach., Umbilicaria hirsuta var. grisea (Ach.) Tuck., Umbilicaria murina (Ach.) DC., Umbilicaria murina f. grisea (Hoffm.) Lamy, Umbilicaria varia var. grisea (Hoffm.) Leight., Umbilicaria vellea f. grisea (Hoffm.) Schaer., Umbilicaria vellea f. murina (Ach.) Fr., Umbilicaria vellea var. hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Fr., Umbilicaria vellea var. murina (Ach.) Grognot]
[Gyromium hyperboreum (Ach.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora hyperborea Ach., Gyrophora hyperborea f. hyperborea (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora hyperborea f. radicicula (Zett.{?} ex Lynge) Zahlbr., Gyrophora hyperborea f. superlaevigata Räsänen, Gyrophora hyperborea var. hyperborea (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora hyperborea var. petsamoensis Räsänen, Gyrophora hyperborea var. radicicula Zett.{?} ex Lynge, Gyrophora hyperborea var. subpolyphylla Räsänen, Lichen hyperboreus Ach., Umbilicaria varia var. hyperborea (Ach.) Leight.]
[Agyrophora atropruinosa (Schaer.) Nyl., Agyrophora leiocarpa (DC.) Gyeln., Gyrophora leiocarpa (DC.) Steud., Lichen leiocarpus (DC.) Lam.]
[Agyrophora lyngei (Schol.) Llano]
[Gyrophora dillenii (Tuck.) Müll.Arg., Gyrophora mammulata Ach., Umbilicaria dillenii Tuck.]
[Actinogyra muhlenbergii (Ach.) Schol., Actinogyra muhlenbergii var. alpina (Tuck.) Llano, Actinogyra muhlenbergii var. muhlenbergii (Ach.) Schol., Gyrophora muehlenbergii var. alpina (Tuck.) Zahlbr., Gyrophora muhlenbergii]
[Gyrophora corrugata Arnold nom. illegit., Gyrophora nylanderiana Zahlbr., Umbilicaria corrugata Nyl. nom. illegit.]
[Gyrophora phaea (Tuck.) Nyl.]
[Gyromium polyphyllum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora anthracina f. anthracina (Wulfen) Körb., Gyrophora glabra (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora glabra f. lacera (Leight.) Magnin, Gyrophora glabra f. monophylla (Leight.) Magnin, Gyrophora glabra var. glabra (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora glabra var. polyphylla (L.) Gray, Gyrophora polyphylla (L.) Körb., Gyrophora polyphylla f. glabra (Ach.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora polyphylla f. lacera (Leight.) Hepp, Gyrophora polyphylla f. polyphylla (L.) Funck, Gyrophora polyphylla f. sulcata Turner, Gyrophora polyphylla var. congregata Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora polyphylla var. polyphylla (L.) Funck, Lecidea polyphylla (L.) Spreng., Lichen anthracinus Wulfen, Lichen polyphyllus L., Umbilicaria aenea var. glabra (P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.) Schaer., Umbilicaria anthracina (Wulfen) Hoffm., Umbilicaria atropruinosa f. anthracina (Wulfen) Fr., Umbilicaria glabra Ach. nom. inval., Umbilicaria glabra P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., Umbilicaria glabra var. anthracina (Wulfen) DC., Umbilicaria glabra var. polyphylla (L.) DC., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. congregata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. lacera (Leight.) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. monophylla (Leight.) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. polyphylla (L.) Baumg., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. sulcata (Turner) Leight., Umbilicaria polyphylla var. glabra (P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.) Stenh., Umbilicaria polyphylla var. lacera (Leight.) Cromb., Umbilicaria polyphylla var. polyphylla (L.) Baumg., Umbilicaria varia f. congregata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. lacera Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. monophylla Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. sulcata (Turner) Leight., Umbilicaria varia var. polyphylla (L.) Leight.]
[Actinogyra polyrrhiza (L.) Schol., Actinogyra polyrrhiza var. luxurians (Ach.) Schol., Actinogyra polyrrhiza var. polyrrhiza (L.) Schol., Graphis polyrrhiza (L.) Wallr., Gyromium polyrrhizum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora luxurians (Ach.) Röhl., Gyrophora pellita (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora pellita var. luxurians Ach., Gyrophora pellita var. pellita (Ach.) Ach., Gyrophora polyrhiza, Gyrophora polyrrhiza (L.) Körb., Gyrophora polyrrhiza f. denudata Räsänen, Gyrophora polyrrhiza f. luxurians (Ach.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora polyrrhiza f. polyrrhiza (L.) Körb., Lichen pellitus Ach., Lichen polyrrhizos L., Umbilicaria luxurians (Ach.) Zahlbr., Umbilicaria pellita (Ach.) Ach., Umbilicaria polyrrhiza (L.) Fr., Umbilicaria polyrrhiza var. luxurians (Ach.) Nyl.]
[Gyromium proboscideum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora corrugata (Hoffm.) Flörke, Gyrophora deusta var. corrugata (Hoffm.) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora deusta var. fimbriata Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora deusta var. mesenteriformis sensu Turner & Borrer, non (Wulfen) Turner & Borrer, Gyrophora exasperata (Hoffm.) Flörke nom. rejic., Gyrophora glabra var. corrugata (Hoffm.) Ach., Gyrophora heteroidea var. corrugata Ach., Lich. Univ.: 219 (1810), Gyrophora hyperborea var. corrugata (Hoffm.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora jacquinii (J.F. Gmel.) Ach., Gyrophora polymorpha var. proboscidea (L.) Schaer., Gyrophora proboscidea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea f. fimbriata (Turner & Borrer) Mudd, Gyrophora proboscidea f. proboscidea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. deplicans (Nyl.) Cromb., Gyrophora proboscidea var. exasperata Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. jacquinii (J.F. Gmel.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. proboscidea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora proboscidea var. pulla (Wulfen) Zahlbr., Lecidea polymorpha var. proboscidea (L.) Spreng., Lecidea proboscidea (L.) Colla, Lichen deustus Lightf. nom. illegit., Lichen exasperatus (Hoffm.) J.F. Gmel. nom. rejic., Lichen jacquinii J.F. Gmel., Lichen proboscideus L., Lichen pullus Wulfen nom. illegit., Umbilicaria corrugata Hoffm., Umbilicaria corrugata f. corrugata Hoffm., Umbilicaria corrugata var. corrugata Hoffm., Umbilicaria cylindrica f. exasperata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria exasperata Hoffm. nom. rejic., Umbilicaria polyphylla f. corrugata (Hoffm.) Schade, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. corrugata (Hoffm.) Leight., Umbilicaria proboscidea f. deplicans (Nyl.) Oxner, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. exasperata (Ach.) Oxner, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. fimbriata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria proboscidea f. mesenteriformis, Umbilicaria proboscidea f. proboscidea (L.) Schrad., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. corrugata (Hoffm.) DC., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. deplicans Nyl., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. exasperata (Hoffm.) Nyl. nom. rejic., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. proboscidea (L.) Schrad., Umbilicaria proboscidea var. pulla (Wulfen) Frey, Umbilicaria varia f. corrugata (Hoffm.) Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. exasperata (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Umbilicaria varia f. fimbriata (Turner & Borrer) Leight.]
[Actinogyra rigida (Du Rietz) Llano, Agyrophora rigida (Du Rietz) Llano, Gyrophora anthracina (Wulfen) Körb., Gyrophora rigida Du Rietz, Gyrophora rigida var. discissa (Th. Fr.) Du Rietz, Gyrophora rigida var. rigida Du Rietz, Umbilicaria coriacea Imshaug]
[Agyrophora scholanderi Llano]
source: Fink (1935), McCune & Curtis (2012)
[Agyrophora subglabra (Nyl.) Llano, Agyrophora subglabra var. pallens (Nyl.) M. Choisy, Agyrophora subglabra var. schmidtii (Frey) M. Choisy, Agyrophora subglabra var. subglabra (Nyl.) Llano, Gyrophora subglabra Nyl.]
source: Nash et al. (1998)
[Gyromium erosum (Weber) Wahlenb., Gyrophora erosa (G. Weber) Ach., Gyrophora erosa f. erosa (Weber) Ach., Gyrophora erosa f. parvula Hav., Gyrophora erosa f. polyphylla Lynge, Gyrophora erosa var. erosa (Weber) Ach., Gyrophora erosa var. normalis Th. Fr., Gyrophora erosa var. torrefacta (Lightf.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora erosa var. torrida Ach., Gyrophora torrefacta (Lightf.) Cromb., Gyrophora torrefacta var. erosa (Weber) Lynge, Gyrophora torrefacta var. torrefacta (Lightf.) Cromb., Gyrophora torrida (Ach.) Röhl., Lecidea erosa (Weber) Spreng., Lichen erosus Weber, Lichen torrefactus Lightf., Umbilicaria erosa (Weber) Hoffm., Umbilicaria erosa f. erosa (Weber) Hoffm., Umbilicaria erosa f. nitens Frey, Umbilicaria erosa f. polyphylla (Lynge) H. Magn., Umbilicaria erosa f. subtorrida Vain., Umbilicaria erosa var. erosa (Weber) Hoffm., Umbilicaria erosa var. torrefacta (Lightf.) Frey, Umbilicaria erosa var. torrida (Ach.) Nyl., Umbilicaria torrefacta var. erosa (Ach.) Oxner, Umbilicaria torrida (Ach.) Nyl., Umbilicaria varia var. erosa (Weber) Leight., Usnea torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrad., Usnea torrefacta subsp. subtorrida (Vain.) N.S. Golubk. & Shapiro, Usnea torrefacta subsp. torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrad.]
[Graphis vellea (L.) Wallr., Gyromium velleum (L.) Wahlenb., Gyrophora depressa f. vellea (L.) Schaer., Gyrophora vellea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora vellea f. vellea (L.) Ach., Gyrophora vellea var. vellea (L.) Ach., Lecidea vellea (L.) Spreng., Lichen velleus L.]
[Agyrophora stipitata (Nyl.) Nyl., Agyrophora virginis (Schrad.) M. Choisy, Gyrophora rugifera (Nyl.) Th. Fr., Gyrophora rugifera var. stipitata (Nyl.) K.G.W. Lång, Gyrophora stipitata (Nyl.) Branth, Gyrophora virginis (Schrad.) Frey, Gyrophora virginis var. coloradoënsis Räsänen, Gyrophora virginis var. stipitata (Nyl.) Räsänen, Gyrophora virginis var. virginis (Schaer.) Frey, Omphalodiscus virginis (Schaer.) Schol., Omphalodiscus virginis var. orizabanus (Vain.) Llano, Omphalodiscus virginis var. virginis (Schrad.) Schol., Umbilicaria stipitata Nyl.]
[Protounguicularia fasciculata (Etayo) Etayo]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Etayo & Triebel (2010)
[Pyrenopeziza lettaui Grummann, Skyttea lettaui (Grummann) D. Hawksw.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
[Skyttea refractiva Coppins]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko (2009a)
[Biatorina cristata (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Catillaria cristata (Leight.) Arnold, Lecidea cristata Leight., Pyrenopeziza thallophila (P. Karst.) Sacc., Scutula cristata (Leight.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Skyttea thallophila (P. Karst.) Sherwood, D. Hawksw. & Coppins, Trochila thallophila P. Karst.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
apparent nomen nudum, identity uncertain
apparent nomen nudum, identity uncertain
[Usnea barbata var. amblyoclada Müll. Arg., Usnea globularis Motyka]
source: Clerc & Herrera-Campos (1997)
[Usnea paradoxa (Zahlbr.) Motyka, Usnea sulcata Motyka, Usnea torquescens Stirt., Usnea torquescens var. torquescens Stirt., Usnea undulata Stirt., Usnea undulata f. undulata Stirt.]
[Eumitria asperrima (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Eumitria baileyi Stirt., Eumitria formosa Stirt., Eumitria implicita Stirt., Eumitria tasmanica (Müll. Arg.) Vain., Usnea antillarum (Vain.) Zahlbr., Usnea baileyi var. eizanensis (Asahina) Asahina, Usnea baileyi var. yokawensis (Asahina) Asahina, Usnea barbata var. asperrima Müll.Arg., Usnea barbata var. substrigosa (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg., Usnea barbata var. tasmanica Müll.Arg., Usnea dasopoga var. substrigosa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Usnea dasypogoides var. substrigosa Müll.Arg., Usnea eizanensis Asahina, Usnea formosa (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Usnea implicita (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Usnea implicita f. implicita (Stirt.) Zahlbr., Usnea implicita var. yokawensis Asahina, Usnea percava f. asperrima (Müll. Arg.) J. Steiner, Usnea recurvata J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun, Usnea subrectangulata J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun, Usnea tasmanica (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr.]
[Usnea bornmuelleri var. brasiliensis Zahlbr., Usnea cornuta subsp. brasiliensis (Zahlbr.) P. Clerc]
source: Pérez-Vargas et al. (2010)
source: Clerc (2007)
[Usnea filipendula var. capillaris (Motyka) Clauzade & Cl. Roux]
Identification uncertain
[Lichen ceratinus (Ach.) Lam., Parmelia ceratina (Ach.) Spreng., Usnea barbata var. ceratina (Ach.) Schaer., Usnea ceratina f. incurvescens Arnold, Usnea ceratina f. incurviscens Arnold, Usnea ceratina subsp. incurvescens (Arnold) Motyka, Usnea ceratina subsp. incurviscens (Arnold) Motyka, Usnea ceratina var. incurviscens (Arnold) H. Olivier, Usnea incurvescens (Arnold) Motyka ex B. de Lesd.]
source: Halonen et al. (1998)
[Usnea ceratina f. inflata Duby, Usnea confusa Asah., Usnea constrictula Stirt., Usnea inflata (Duby) Motyka, Usnea inflata var. cornuta (Körb.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea inflata var. inflata Delise, Usnea intexta Stirt., Usnea intexta var. constrictula (Stirt.) D. Hawksw. & D. Chapm., Usnea intexta var. intexta Stirt., Usnea jelskii Motyka, Usnea subhirta (Vain.) Motyka, Usnea subpectinata Stirt.]
[Usnea iteratocarpa J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun]
source: Knudsen & Lendemer (2006)
source: Dillman et al. (2012)
[Usnea spinulifera (Vain.) Motyka]
source: Clerc & Herrera-Campos (1997)
[Parmelia barbata f. dasopoga (Ach.) Zahlbr., Parmelia barbata var. dasopoga (Ach.) Schaer., Parmelia coralloidea var. dasopoga (Ach.) Eschw., Usnea barbata f. dasopoga (Ach.) Ach., Usnea barbata subsp. dasopoga (Ach.) Fink, Usnea barbata var. dasopoga (Ach.) Ach., Usnea dasopoga f. dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl., Usnea dasopoga f. flaccida (Stein) Cretz., Usnea dasopoga f. nidifica (Müll.Arg.) Hue, Usnea dasopoga f. nodulosopisifera Pit. & Harm., Usnea dasopoga f. scabra (Müll.Arg.) Hue, Usnea dasopoga subsp. dasopoga (Ach.) Röhl., Usnea dasopoga subsp. eudasypoga Motyka, Usnea dasopoga subsp. melanorrhiza (Britzelm.) Motyka, Usnea dasopoga var. dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl., Usnea dasopoga var. fibrillosa (Motyka) Keissl., Usnea dasopoga var. laeteviridis Motyka, Usnea dasopoga var. plicata (L.) Cromb. nom. rejic., Usnea dasopoga var. transcaucasica Motyka, Usnea dasypoga (Ach.) Nyl., Usnea filipendula Stirt., Usnea filipendula f. filipendula Stirt., Usnea filipendula var. filipendula Stirt., Usnea filipendula var. transcaucasica (Motyka) N.S. Golubk., Usnea muricata Motyka, Usnea plicata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg. nom. rejic., Usnea plicata var. dasopoga Ach., Usnea sublaxa Vain.]
source: Arcadia (2013)
[Dolichousnea diffracta (Vain.) Articus]
source: Lendemer et al. (2008c)
[Usnea articulata var. dimorpha Müll.Arg.]
[Usnea fragilis Stirt.]
source: Clerc (2004), Lendemer & Tripp (2008)
[Usnea sanguinea Swinscow & Krog]
source: Tavares & Sanders (1998), Clerc (2011)
source: Halonen et al. (1998)
[Lichen ceratinus var. scabrosus Ach. ex Lam., Usnea barbata var. scabrosa (Ach.) Grognot, Usnea ceratina var. scabrosa Ach., Usnea florida var. scabrosa Vain., Usnea rupestris Motyka, Usnea scabrosa (Ach.) Ach.]
source: Clerc & May (2007)
[Usnea wirthii P. Clerc]
source: Clerc (2004)
[Lichen floridus L., Parmelia florida (L.) Spreng., Usnea barbata f. florida (L.) Fr., Usnea barbata subsp. florida (L.) Vain., Usnea barbata var. florida (L.) Fr., Usnea florida f. florida (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., Usnea florida subsp. florida (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., Usnea florida var. florida (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., Usnea plicata var. florida (L.) Link]
North American records questionable (Tavares & Sanders 1998)
[Usnea florida var. mollis Vain., Usnea fragilescens var. fragilescens Hav. ex Lynge, Usnea mollis Stirt.]
[Usnea glabrescens var. fulvoreagens Räsänen, Usnea sorediifera sensu Motyka, Usnea sorediifera var. fulvoreagens (Räsänen) Frey]
[Parmelia barbata var. erecta Schaer., Usnea articulata f. erecta Stein, Usnea articulata f. glabrata (Ach.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univers. 6: 540 (1930), Usnea barbata f. erecta Schaer. nom. illegit., Usnea barbata f. sorediifera (Arnold) Arnold, Usnea barbata var. erecta Rabenh. nom. illegit., Usnea barbata var. sorediifera Arnold, Usnea erecta (Stein) Motyka, Usnea florida var. sorediifera (Arnold) Hue, Usnea hirta var. sorediifera (Arnold) Jatta, Usnea plicata f. erecta Kremp. nom. illegit., Usnea plicata f. glabrata (Ach.) Ach., Usnea plicata var. glabrata Ach., Usnea sorediifera (Arnold) Lynge, Usnea sorediifera f. sorediifera (Arnold) Lynge, Usnea sorediifera var. sorediifera (Arnold) Lynge]
[Usnea barbata var. glabrescens Nyl. ex Vain., Usnea compacta Motyka, Usnea distincta Motyka, Usnea extensa Vain., Usnea extensa subsp. extensa Vain., Usnea extensa subsp. gemina Motyka, Usnea glabrella (Motyka) Räsänen, Usnea glabrescens subsp. glabrella (Motyka) Motyka, Usnea glabrescens subsp. glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) Vain., Usnea glabrescens var. compacta Räsänen, Usnea glabrescens var. glabrella Motyka, Usnea glabrescens var. glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) Vain., Usnea hirta var. glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) K.G.W. Lång, Usnea laricina Vain. ex Räsänen, Usnea sorediifera f. extensa (Vain.) Keissl., Usnea sorediifera var. compacta (Motyka) Keissl., Usnea sorediifera var. glabrescens (Nyl. ex Vain.) Keissl., Usnea sorediifera var. laricina (Vain. ex Räsänen) Keissl.]
Identification uncertain
source: Clerc & Herrera-Campos (1997)
[Lichen hirtus L., Usnea barbata var. villosa (Ach.) Koltz, Usnea florida f. minutissima Mereschk., Usnea florida f. villosa (Ach.) Zahlbr., Usnea florida var. hirta (L.) Ach., Usnea florida var. villosa Ach., Usnea hirta f. minutissima (Mereschk.) Erichsen, Usnea hirta subsp. comiformis (Motyka ex Räsänen) Motyka, Usnea hirta subsp. hirta (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg., Usnea hirta subsp. villosa (Ach.) Räsänen, Usnea hirta var. comiformis Motyka ex Räsänen, Usnea hirta var. minutissima (Mereschk.) Cretz., Usnea plicata var. hirta (L.) Ach., Usnea variolosa Motyka]
[Usnea arizonica Motyka, Usnea barbata var. intermedia A. Massal., Usnea retifera Motyka]
source: Clerc (2007)
[Neuropogon lambii Imshaug]
source: Wirtz et al. (2008) Lumbsch & Wirtz (2011)
[Dolichousnea longissima (Ach.) Articus, Parmelia coralloidea var. longissima (Ach.) Spreng., Parmelia longissima (Ach.) Spreng., Usnea barbata var. longissima (Ach.) Schaer., Usnea longissima f. longissima Ach., Usnea longissima subsp. longissima Ach., Usnea longissima var. longissima Ach.]
[Usnea pycnoclada Vain., Usnea subglabrata Truong & P. Clerc]
source: Clerc (2011)
source: Gerlach et al. (2017)
[Usnea duriuscula Motyka]
source: Truong et al. (2013)
source: Clerc (2007)
source: Halonen et al. (1998)
source: Halonen (2000)
source: Clerc (2007)
[Usnea eumitrioides Motyka]
source: Clerc (2016)
[Usnea barbata var. perplexans (Stirt.) Vain., Usnea florida var. perplexans (Stirt.) Vain., Usnea lapponica Vain., Usnea sorediifera var. substerilis (Motyka) Keissl., Usnea substerilis Motyka]
source: Clerc (2016)
source: Clerc (2016)
[Usnea comosa subsp. praetervisa Asahina, Usnea subfloridana subsp. praetervisa (Asahina) P. Clerc]
source: Clerc (2004)
[Usnea rigida (Ach.) Motyka, Usnea rigida var. faginea (Motyka) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea rigida var. hapalotera (Harm.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea rigida var. neglecta (Motyka) Keissl., Usnea rigida var. protea (Motyka) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Usnea rigida var. reagens Räsänen ex Cretz., Usnea rigida var. rigida (Ach.) Röhl., Usnea rigida var. subrigida Nádv.]
source: Lendemer & Tavares (2003)
[Usnea cirrosa subsp. ramillosa (Motyka) P. Clerc., Usnea cladocarpa Fée]
[Usnea pensylvanica Motyka, Usnea protensa Stirt., Usnea rubicunda var. spilota (Stirt.) G.N. Stevens, Usnea spilota Stirt., Usnea sublurida Stirt.]
[Lichen barbatus L., Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg., Usnea dasopoga f. scabrata (Nyl.) Arnold, Usnea kirinensis J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & Z.M. Sun, Usnea scabiosa Motyka]
[Usnea madeirensis Motyka]
source: Tavares (1997), Gams (2004)
[Neuropogon sphacelatus (R. Br.) D.J. Galloway, Usnea melaxantha var. sphacelata (R. Br.) Hook. f. & Taylor, Usnea sulphurea var. sphacelata (R. Br.) Vain.]
[Parmelia coralloidea var. strigosa (Ach.) Eschw., Usnea barbata f. strigosa (Ach.) R. Howe, Usnea barbata var. strigosa (Ach.) Tuck., Usnea ceratina f. strigosa (Ach.) Kremp., Usnea ceratina var. strigosa (Ach.) Kremp., Usnea florida f. strigosa (Ach.) Vain., Usnea florida var. strigosa Ach., Usnea hirta var. strigosa (Ach.) Mereschk.]
[Usnea florida var. major Michx.]
[Parmelia coralloidea var. rubiginea (Michx.) Eschw., Usnea barbata f. rubiginea (Michx.) Meyen & Flot., Usnea barbata subsp. rubiginea (Michx.) Fink, Usnea barbata var. rubiginea Meyen & Flot., Usnea ceratina f. rubiginea (Michx.) Kremp., Usnea florida f. rubiginea (Michx.) Ach., Usnea florida var. rubiginea Michx., Usnea rubiginea (Michx.) A. Massal.]
source: Brodo et al. (2001)
[Lichen comosus Ach., Usnea barbata var. comosa (Ach.) Vain., Usnea comosa (Ach.) Röhl., Usnea comosa f. comosa (Ach.) Röhl., Usnea comosa subsp. colorans Asahina, Usnea comosa subsp. comosa (Ach.) Röhl., Usnea comosa subsp. melanopoda Asahina, Usnea comosa subsp. similis Motyka nom. inval., Usnea comosa subsp. sordidula Motyka, Usnea comosa var. comosa (Ach.) Röhl., Usnea comosa var. similis (Motyka) Erichsen, Usnea comosa var. sordidula (Motyka) Erichsen, Usnea florida var. comosa (Ach.) Vain., Usnea hirta f. hirsutula Stirt., Usnea plicata f. comosa (Ach.) Ach., Usnea plicata var. comosa (Ach.) Ach., Usnea similis Motyka ex Räsänen, Usnea subfloridana var. melanopoda (Asahina) D. Hawksw., Usnea subfloridana var. similis (Motyka) Oxner, Usnea subfloridana var. sordidula (Motyka) Oxner, Usnea subfloridana var. subfloridana Stirt.]
[Usnea elongata Motyka, Usnea elongata f. elongata Motyka, Usnea elongata f. sorediifera Rizzini, Usnea hesperina Motyka, Usnea subplicata (Vain.) Motyka]
source: Tavares (1997), Clerc (2004), Truong et al. (2013)
source: Clerc (2011)
source: Truong et al. (2013)
[Allocetraria oakesiana (Tuck.) Randlane & Thell, Allocetraria oaksiana (Tuck.) Randlane & Thell, Cetraria oakesiana Tuck., Tuckermannopsis oakesiana (Tuck.) Hale, Usnocetraria oaksiana M. J. Lai & C. J. Wei]
source: Thell et al. (2009)
[Fuscopannaria californica (Tuck.) P.M. Jørg.]
source: Jørgensen (2008)
[Fuscopannaria globigera Fryday & P.M. Jørg.]
source: Jørgensen (2008)
[Fuscopannaria hookerioides P.M. Jørg.]
source: Jørgensen (2008)
[Fuscopannaria labrata P.M. Jørg.]
source: Jørgensen (2008)
[Amphiloma microphyllum (Sw.) Hepp, Baeomyces microphyllus (Sw.) Eaton, Biatora microphylla (Sw.) Fr., Fuscopannaria leucophaea (Tuck.) P.M. Jørg., Hueëlla cheilea (Nyl.) Gyeln., Hueëlla cheilea var. anglica Gyeln., Hueëlla cheilea var. cheilea (Nyl.) Gyeln., Hueëlla cheilea var. fuscescens Gyeln., Lecanora microphylla (Sw.) Ach., Lecanora microphylla var. microphylla (Sw.) Ach., Lecanora microphylla var. picina (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora microphylla var. variana Ach., Lecidea microphylla (Sw.) Ach., Lecidea microphylla var. epigaea Schaer., Lecidea microphylla var. microphylla (Sw.) Ach., Lepidoma microphyllum (Sw.) Bagl., Lichen leucophaeus Vahl, Lichen microphyllus Sw. ex Westr., Lichen microphyllus var. microphyllus Sw. ex Westr., Lichen microphyllus var. saxatile Schrad., Massalongia cheilea Nyl. ex Mudd, Pannaria cheilea Nyl., Pannaria leucophaea (Vahl) P.M. Jørg., Pannaria microphylla (Sw.) Mass., Pannaria microphylla f. californica Tuck., Pannaria microphylla f. convexa Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla f. epigaea (Schaer.) Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla f. lecanorina Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla f. melacarpa Harm., Pannaria microphylla f. microphylla (Sw.) A. Massal., Pannaria microphylla f. nigrocarpa Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla f. pseudocraspedia Hazsl., Pannaria microphylla f. rufa Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla f. saxatile (Schrad.) Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla f. symphycarpea (Flörke) Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla var. austriaca (Zahlbr.) Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla var. cheilea (Nyl. ex Mudd) A.L. Sm., Pannaria microphylla var. isidioidea Hazsl., Pannaria microphylla var. italica Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla var. microphylla (Sw.) A. Massal., Pannaria microphylla var. picina (Ach.) Nyl., Pannaria microphylla var. pseudosaubinetii Gyeln., Pannaria microphylla var. rufescens Gyeln., Pannularia microphylla (Sw.) Stizenb., Pannularia microphylla f. cheilea (Nyl. ex Mudd) Nyl. ex Cromb., Pannularia microphylla f. microphylla (Sw.) Stizenb., Parmelia microphylla (Sw.) Fr., Parmeliella microphylla (Sw.) Müll. Arg., Parmeliella microphylla f. cheilea (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Parmeliella microphylla f. epigaea (Schaer.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Parmeliella microphylla f. microphylla (Sw.) Müll. Arg., Parmeliella microphylla f. pseudocraspedia (Hazsl.) Zahlbr., Parmeliella microphylla f. rufa (Gyeln.) Grummann, Parmeliella microphylla f. rufescens (Gyeln.) Grummann, Parmeliella microphylla f. saxatile (Schrad.) Zahlbr., Parmeliella microphylla f. symphycarpea (Flörke) Zahlbr., Parmeliella microphylla var. cheilea (Nyl. ex Mudd) A.L. Sm., Parmeliella microphylla var. microphylla (Sw.) Müll. Arg., Parmeliella microphylla var. pseudosaubinetii (Gyeln.) Grummann, Patellaria microphylla (Sw.) Spreng., Placodium microphyllum (Sw.) Hook. f., Psora microphylla (Sw.) Hoffm., Trachyderma microphyllum (Sw.) Norman, Zeora microphylla (Sw.) Flot.]
source: Jørgensen (2008)
[Fuscopannaria saubinetii (Mont.) P.M. Jørg., Pannaria saubinetii (Mont.) P.M. Jørg., Parmelia saubinetii Mont., Parmeliella saubinetii (Mont.) Zahlbr., Parmeliella saubinetii f. fuscescens Gyeln., Parmeliella saubinetii f. fusconigra Gyeln., Parmeliella saubinetii f. grisea Gyeln., Parmeliella saubinetii f. saubinetii (Mont.) Zahlbr., Trachyderma saubinetii (Mont.) Trevis.]
source: Jørgensen (2008)
[Variolaria lactea (L.) Pers.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22), source: McMullin et al. (2017), Tønsberg 2018
[Pertusaria rhodocarpa Körb., Varicellaria kemensis Räsänen]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn.: Pertusaria rhodocarpa
[Lichen velatus (Turner) Sm. & Sowerby, Parmelia velata Turner, Pertusaria santamonicae Dibben, Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl., Pertusaria velata f. velata (Turner) Nyl., Pertusaria velata subsp. velata (Turner) Nyl., Pertusaria velata var. velata (Turner) Nyl., Variolaria velata (Turner) Ach.]
source: Schmitt et al. (2012)
[Aglaopisma vulgaris De Not. ex Bagl., Amphiloma aurantiacum (Pers.) Müll.Arg., Amphiloma callopisma (Ach.) Körb., Callopisma callopismum (Ach.) Boistel, Callopisma vulgaris De Not., Caloplaca aurantia (Pers.) Hellbom, Caloplaca aurantia f. aurantia (Pers.) Hellb., Caloplaca aurantia f. leucothalla (Malbr.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca aurantia var. aurantia (Pers.) Hellb., Caloplaca aurantia var. intermedia Zahlbr., Caloplaca callopisma (Ach.) Th. Fr., Caloplaca callopisma f. callopisma (Ach.) Th. Fr., Caloplaca callopisma f. orientalis (Zahlbr.) J. Steiner, Caloplaca callopisma var. callopisma (Ach.) Th. Fr., Caloplaca callopisma var. enissalae Servít & Cretz., Caloplaca sympagea (Ach.) Sandst., Gasparrinia aurantia (Pers.) Syd., Gasparrinia aurantia f. aurantia (Pers.) Syd., Gasparrinia aurantia f. leucothalla (Malbr.) Verseghy, Gasparrinia aurantia var. aurantia (Pers.) Syd., Gasparrinia aurantia var. intermedia (Zahlbr.) Szatala, Gasparrinia callopisma (Ach.) Syd., Gasparrinia callopisma f. callopisma (Ach.) Syd., Gasparrinia callopisma f. enissalae (Servít & Cretz.) Szatala, Gasparrinia callopisma f. leucothalla (Malbr.) Szatala, Gasparrinia callopisma f. orientalis (J. Steiner) Szatala, Gasparrinia callopisma var. callopisma (Ach.) Syd., Gasparrinia callopisma var. enissalae (Servít & Cretz.) Szatala, Gasparrinia murorum var. callopisma (Ach.) Tornab., Gasparrinia sympagea (Ach.) Zopf, Lecanora callopisma Ach., Lecanora callopisma var. callopisma Ach., Lecanora callopisma var. sympagea Ach., Lecanora sympagea (Ach.) Röhl., Lichen aurantius Pers., Parmelia callopisma (Ach.) Hepp, Patellaria aurantia (Pers.) Pers., Physcia aurantia (Pers.) Arnold, Physcia callopisma (Ach.) A. Massal., Physcia callopisma var. callopisma (Ach.) A. Massal., Placodium aurantium (Pers.) Vain., Placodium aurantium f. aurantium (Pers.) Vain., Placodium callopismum (Ach.) Mérat, Placodium callopismum f. callopismum (Ach.) Mérat, Placodium callopismum f. leucothallum Malbr., Placodium callopismum var. callopismum (Ach.) Mérat, Placodium sympageum (Ach.) Bremme, Teloschistes callopismus (Ach.) Trevis., Verrucaria aurantia (Pers.) Wibel, Xanthoria callopisma (Ach.) Th. Fr.]
source: Arup et al. (2013)
[Callopisma aurantiacum var. velanum A. Massal., Caloplaca velana (A. Massal.) Du Rietz, Caloplaca velana f. velana (A. Massal.) Du Rietz, Caloplaca velana var. velana (A. Massal.) Du Rietz, Lecidea velana (A. Massal.) Hue, Lithoicea velana (A. Massal.) Lojka, Placodium placidium var. velanum (A. Massal.) Szatala, Placodium velanum (A. Massal.) Szatala]
source: Arup et al. (2013)
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Encliopyrenia catalepta (Ach.) Trevis., Endocarpon cataleptum (Ach.) Servít, Endocarpon cataleptum var. cataleptum (Ach.) Servít, Endocarpon cataleptum var. elegans (Wallr.) Servít, Endocarpon fuscellum var. cataleptum Ach., Lithoicea aethiobola (Wahlenb.) Stein, Lithoicea catalepta (Schaer.) Arnold, Lithoicea cataleptoides (Nyl.) Arnold, Polyblastia catalepta (Ach.) Füisting, Pyrenula aethiobola (Wahlenb.) Ach., Verrucaria aethiobola var. acrotella H. Olivier, Verrucaria aethiobola var. cataleptoides (Nyl.) Vain., Verrucaria aquilella Nyl., Verrucaria catalepta Schaer., Verrucaria catalepta var. alutacea Hepp, Verrucaria catalepta var. catalepta Spreng., Verrucaria catalepta var. subumbonata Nyl., Verrucaria fuscocinerascens Nyl., Verrucaria laevata auct., Verrucaria laevata f. dioritica Servít, Verrucaria laevata f. laevata Ach., Verrucaria laevata f. macrospora Erichsen, Verrucaria laevata f. microsticta Servít, Verrucaria laevata f. tenuior Servít, Verrucaria margacea var. cataleptoides Nyl.]
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Endopyrenium americanum B. de Lesd.]
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Breuss (2007b)
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens., source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2012b)
[Thelidium bryoctonum Th. Fr., Verrucaria psammophila Erichsen]
source: Breuss (2002b)
source: Hutten et al. (2013)
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens., source: Breuss (1998)
[Dermatocarpon ceuthocarpum (Wahlenb.) Servít]
[Involucrothele plumbea (Ach.) Servít, Verrucaria caerulea DC.]
In the original Esslinger Checklist (#22) the epithet is erroneously listed as "caerulea".
[Bogoriella confluens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking, Microthelia confluens Müll.Arg., Mycomicrothelia confluens (Müll. Arg.) D. Hawksw.]
source: Breuss (2007b), McCune et al. (2014b)
source: McMullin et al. (2017)
[Verrucaria santessonii Erichsen]
[Amphoridium carneum (Arnold) Servít, Amphoridium dolomiticum A. Massal., Amphoridium dolomiticum f. dolomiticum A. Massal., Amphoridium dolomiticum f. foveolatum (Flörke) Servít, Amphoridium dolomiticum f. sylvatica Arnold, Amphoridium dolomiticum var. dolomiticum A. Massal., Amphoridium dolomiticum var. obtectum Arnold, Amphoridium dolomiticum var. sarcocarpum (Zahlbr.) Grummann, Amphoridium foveolatum (Flörke) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri (Fr.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri f. annulare (Zahlbr.) Servít, Amphoridium hochstetteri f. hochstetteri (Fr.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri f. papulare (Fr.) Servít, Amphoridium hochstetteri var. crustosum Arnold, Amphoridium hochstetteri var. hochstetteri (Fr.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri var. nivale Arnold, Amphoridium integrum (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Verrucaria carnea (Arnold) Servít, Verrucaria dolomitica f. dolomitica (A. Massal.) Kremp., Verrucaria dolomitica f. obductilis (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica f. sylvatica (Arnold) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. dolomitica (A. Massal.) Kremp., Verrucaria dolomitica var. elaeodes (Hue) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. foveolata (Flörke) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. gibbosa Werner, Verrucaria dolomitica var. obtecta (Arnold) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. sarcocarpum Zahlbr., Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr., Verrucaria leightonii var. carnea Arnold, Verrucaria rupestris var. integra Nyl.]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Leiophloea elaeina (Borrer) Trevis., Pyrenula elaeina (Borrer) Schaer., Thelidium elaeinum (Borrer) Mudd]
source: Breuss (2007b), Knudsen (2007c)
[Lithoicea elaeomelaena A. Massal.]
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Brodo & Santesson (1997)
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Catapyrenium lecideoides (A. Massal.) Arnold, Catapyrenium lecideoides f. minutum (A. Massal.) Arnold, Catapyrenium lecideoides var. minutum (A. Massal.) Arnold, Dermatocarpon lecideoides (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Lithoicea fraudulosa (Nyl.) Flagey, Lithoicea lecideoides (A. Massal.) Flagey, Lithoicea lecideoides var. minuta (A. Massal.) Flagey, Placopyrenium lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Thrombium lecideoides A. Massal., Thrombium lecideoides var. lecideoides A. Massal., Thrombium lecideoides var. minutum A. Massal., Verrucaria lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria lecideoides f. lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria lecideoides f. minuta (A. Massal.) Körb., Verrucaria lecideoides var. fraudulosa (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Verrucaria lecideoides var. lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria lecideoides var. minuta Hepp, Verrucaria minor Breuss, Verrucaria minuta (A. Massal.) Zschacke nom. illegit., Verrucaria minuta f. minuta (A. Massal.) Zschacke, Verrucula fraudulosa (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Verrucula lecideoides (A. Massal.) J. Steiner, Verrucula lecideoides f. minuta (A. Massal.) J. Steiner, Verruculopsis lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Verruculopsis lecideoides var. fraudulosa (Nyl.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Verruculopsis lecideoides var. minuta (A. Massal.) Cl. Roux nom. inval., Verruculopsis minuta (Hepp) Krzewicka nom. inval.]
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Lithoicea funckii A. Massal., Pyrenula funckii Spreng., Verrucaria collematodes f. funckii (A. Massal.) Servít, Verrucaria degenerascens Nyl. ex A.L. Sm., Verrucaria elaeomelaena f. silicicola Zschacke, Verrucaria nigrescens var. funckii (A. Massal.) Zwackh, Verrucaria silicea Servít, Verrucaria silicea f. coniocarpa (Zschacke) Servít, Verrucaria silicea f. silicea Servít]
source: Breuss (2007b), Knudsen (2007c)
source: Tucker et al. (2006)
source: Knudsen & La Doux (2006)
[Lithoicea fusconigrescens (Nyl.) Flagey, Verrucaria fusconigricans Nyl.]
[Amphoridium virens (Nyl.) J. Nowak & Tobol., Lithoicea virens Flagey, Verrucaria virens Nyl.]
[Arthopyrenia halizoa (Leight.) Arnold, Thelidium halizoa (Leight.) Eitner, Verrucaria cribbii R.W. Rogers, Verrucaria friesiaca Erichsen, Verrucaria mackenzie-lambii Erichsen, Verrucaria microspora Nyl., Verrucaria microspora f. friesiaca (Erichsen) R. Sant., Verrucaria microspora f. fristaca (Erichsen) R. Sant., Verrucaria microspora f. halophila Nyl., Verrucaria microspora f. microspora Nyl., Verrucaria microspora var. albigensis Erichsen, Verrucaria microspora var. ecrustacea Nyl., Verrucaria microspora var. friesiaca (Erichsen) Erichsen, Verrucaria microspora var. frisiaca (Erichsen) Erichsen, Verrucaria microspora var. laetevirens Wedd., Verrucaria microspora var. microspora Nyl.]
[Amphoridium carneum (Arnold) Servít, Amphoridium dolomiticum A. Massal., Amphoridium dolomiticum f. dolomiticum A. Massal., Amphoridium dolomiticum f. foveolatum (Flörke) Servít, Amphoridium dolomiticum f. sylvatica Arnold, Amphoridium dolomiticum var. dolomiticum A. Massal., Amphoridium dolomiticum var. obtectum Arnold, Amphoridium dolomiticum var. sarcocarpum (Zahlbr.) Grummann, Amphoridium foveolatum (Flörke) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri (Fr.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri f. annulare (Zahlbr.) Servít, Amphoridium hochstetteri f. hochstetteri (Fr.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri f. papulare (Fr.) Servít, Amphoridium hochstetteri var. crustosum Arnold, Amphoridium hochstetteri var. hochstetteri (Fr.) A. Massal., Amphoridium hochstetteri var. nivale Arnold, Amphoridium integrum (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Verrucaria carnea (Arnold) Servít, Verrucaria dolomitica (A. Massal.) Kremp., Verrucaria dolomitica f. dolomitica (A. Massal.) Kremp., Verrucaria dolomitica f. obductilis (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica f. sylvatica (Arnold) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. dolomitica (A. Massal.) Kremp., Verrucaria dolomitica var. elaeodes (Hue) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. foveolata (Flörke) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. gibbosa Werner, Verrucaria dolomitica var. obtecta (Arnold) Zahlbr., Verrucaria dolomitica var. sarcocarpum Zahlbr., Verrucaria leightonii var. carnea Arnold, Verrucaria rupestris var. integra Nyl.]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Lithoicea hydrela (Ach.) A. Massal., Pyrenula hydrela (Ach.) Schaer., Pyrenula submersa (Borrer) Schaer.]
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Catapyrenium plumbeum (B. de Lesd.) J.W. Thomson, Dermatocarpon plumbeum B. de Lesd., Endopyrenium plumbeum B. de Lesd.]
source: Breuss (1998)
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Verrucaria aethiobola f. internigrescens Nyl., Verrucaria aethiobola var. internigrescens (Nyl.) Vain.]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
source: Breuss & Spribille (2001)
source: Spribille et al. (2010)
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Involucrothele margacea (Wahlenb.) Servít, Lithoicea margacea (Wahlenb.) A. Massal., Pyrenula margacea (Wahlenb.) Ach., Thelidium margaceum (Leight.) Zschacke, Thelotrema margaceum Wahlenb.]
[Verrucaria maura var. memnonia Flot.]
source: Tucker et al. (2006), Breuss (2007b)
source: Breuss (2007b), Knudsen (2007c)
[Verrucaria muralis var. submuralis (Nyl.) H. Olivier]
[Lichen umbrinus Ach.]
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Nash et al. (1998)
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Dermatocarpon rupicola (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Endopyrenium rupicola B. de Lesd., Verrucaria rupicola (B. de Lesd.) Breuss]
source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2012a)
source: Breuss (2002b)
[Involucrothele pinguicula (A. Massal.) Servít, Involucrothele pinguicula f. areolata (Servít) Grummann, Involucrothele pinguicula f. pinguicula (A. Massal.) Servít, Involucrothele pinguicula f. roseolivida (Servít) Grummann, Thelidium persicinum f. peloclitum (Nyl.) Servít, Thelidium pinguiculum (A. Massal.) Servít, Thelidium pinguiculum f. areolatum Servít, Thelidium pinguiculum f. pinguiculum (A. Massal.) Servít, Thelidium pinguiculum f. roseolividum Servít, Verrucaria peloclita Nyl.]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Leiophloea praetermissa Trevis.]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Harris (1995a)
source: Breuss (2007b), Knudsen (2007c)
[Verrucaria lorrain-smithiae M. Knowles, Verrucaria ludovicinae B. de Lesd.]
source: Breuss (2007b)
source: Brodo & Santesson (1997)
source: Goward et al. (1996)
source: Breuss (2007b)
[Verrucaria submersa Schaer., Verrucaria submersa var. franconia Zschacke, Verrucaria submersa var. litorea Hepp, Verrucaria submersa var. submersa Borrer]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
source: Lendemer & Breuss (2009)
source: Nash et al. (1998), Breuss (2007b)
source: Breuss (2007b), Knudsen (2007c)
source: Breuss (2002b)
[Amphoridium leightonii (A. Massal.) Arnold, Amphoridium leightonii var. emersum J. Steiner, Amphoridium leightonii var. leightonii (A. Massal.) Arnold, Amphoridium viridulum (Schrad.) Servít, Amphoridium viridulum f. carneum (J. Lahm) Grummann, Amphoridium viridulum f. viridulum (Schrad.) Servít, Arthopyrenia viridula A.L. Sm., Endocarpon viridulum Schrad., Lithoicea mauroides (Schaer.) A. Massal., Lithoicea viridula (Schrad.) A. Massal., Lithoicea viridula f. carneum J. Lahm, Lithoicea viridula f. viridula (Schrad.) A. Massal., Lithoicea viridula var. elevata Nyl., Lithoicea viridula var. viridula (Schrad.) A. Massal., Verrucaria leightonii A. Massal., Verrucaria leightonii var. emersa (J. Steiner) Zahlbr., Verrucaria leightonii var. leightonii Hepp, Verrucaria mauroides Schaer., Verrucaria papillosa Ach., Verrucaria papillosa f. congregata (Hepp) Arnold, Verrucaria papillosa f. corticola Arnold, Verrucaria papillosa f. papillosa Ach., Verrucaria papillosa var. papillosa Ach., Verrucaria papillosa var. papillosoides Walt. Watson, Verrucaria papillosa var. thalassina Zahlbr.]
[Verrucaria melaenella Vain.]
source: Breuss (2002b)
[Catapyrenium lecideoides (A. Massal.) Arnold, Catapyrenium lecideoides f. minutum (A. Massal.) Arnold, Catapyrenium lecideoides var. minutum (A. Massal.) Arnold, Dermatocarpon lecideoides (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., Lithoicea fraudulosa (Nyl.) Flagey, Lithoicea lecideoides (A. Massal.) Flagey, Lithoicea lecideoides var. minuta (A. Massal.) Flagey, Placopyrenium lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Thrombium lecideoides A. Massal., Thrombium lecideoides var. lecideoides A. Massal., Thrombium lecideoides var. minutum A. Massal., Verrucaria fraudulosa Nyl., Verrucaria lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria lecideoides f. lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria lecideoides f. minuta (A. Massal.) Körb., Verrucaria lecideoides var. fraudulosa (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Verrucaria lecideoides var. lecideoides (A. Massal.) Trevis., Verrucaria lecideoides var. minuta Hepp, Verrucaria minor Breuss, Verrucaria minuta (A. Massal.) Zschacke nom. illegit., Verrucaria minuta f. minuta (A. Massal.) Zschacke, Verrucula fraudulosa (Nyl.) J. Steiner, Verrucula lecideoides (A. Massal.) J. Steiner, Verrucula lecideoides f. minuta (A. Massal.) J. Steiner, Verruculopsis lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Verruculopsis lecideoides var. fraudulosa (Nyl.) Gueidan & Cl. Roux, Verruculopsis lecideoides var. minuta (A. Massal.) Cl. Roux nom. inval.]
source: Brodo (2001); Lendemer & Yahr (2004)
[Micarea leprosa P. James]
source: Buck et al. (1999)
source: Lendemer & Yahr (2004)
source: Westberg (2004b)
source: Lendemer (2011c)