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Ramalina
Family: Ramalinaceae
Ramalina image
Frank Bungartz
  • Greater Sonoran Desert
  • Recursos
Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.
Life habit: lichenized Thallus: fruticose, erect, prostrate, subpendent or pendent, usually attached by a basal holdfast (rarely unattached), solid or fistulose (R. pollinaria often shows secondarily fistulose branches, true fistulose species not found in the Sonoran area), black ciliate in one species (R. crinita), subdichotomously or irregularly or +palmately branched branches: solid or fistulose or rarely fenestrate, usually flattened or sometimes terete, linear or +canaliculate, or angular towards the base and at branch apices surface: yellowish or grayish green or pale yellow, smooth or angular, puberulent in one species (R. puberulenta), occasionally becoming striately ridged pseudocyphellae: present or almost absent in fistulose species, often conspicuous, ellipsoid, short linear or striate, concave, flat or protruded; often sorediate but lacking isidia cortex: thin, composed of thick walled hyphae up to 20 µm thick running transversely or irregularly (prosoplectenchymatous), underlain by a supportive chondroid strands of periclinally aligned hyphae either as a uniform sheath or as tissue or ribs composed of agglutinated, thick-walled hyphae; chondroid strands: usually present but almost absent in fistulose species, smooth or cracked forming bundles of hyphae, lacking in some species (R. lacera) medulla: usually laxly arachnoid, sometimes absent when hollow (fistulose species) photobiont: primary one a Trebouxia green alga, secondary one absent Ascomata: apothecial, substipitate to stipitate, subterminal to terminal, marginal, laminal or lateral disc: concave or +convex, up to 5(-10 mm) in diam., with or without a white or black margin, often pruinose; margin: usually concolorous with the thallus, with or without pseudocyphellae asci: elongate-clavate, Bacidia-type, 8-spored ascospores: hyaline, broadly to narrowly fusiform, or broadly ellipsoid, 1(-3)-septate Conidiomata: pycnidial but usually absent, usually pale colored or rarely black, laminal conidia: bacilliform, hyaline, c. 3.5 x 0.5 µm ; Secondary metabolites: cortex with usnic acid and atranorin (±trace); medulla often with orcinol or ß-orcinol depsides or depsidones, triterpenes and aliphatic acids Geography: world-wide, from coastal to alpine habitats Substrate: on bark, wood, soil (very rare) and rock. Notes: Rundel and Bowler (1974) established a new genus Trichoramalina, based on Ramalina crinita Tuck. In the protologue they stressed the presence of black pycnidia, terminal cilia and thicker cortex of branches in the new genus. However, R. crinita has characteristic features of Ramalina such as 2-celled ascospores, pale or secondarily black pigmented pycnidia, bacilliform conidia, short linear pseudocyphellae and a prosoplectenchymatous cortex. Although the presence of black cilia is unique for this species (and one in Africa), thicker cortices and black pigmented pycnidia are also observed in other species of Ramalina, especially R. siliquosa group. Therefore Trichoramalina is treated as a synonym of Ramalina in this treatment. Ramalina can be separated from Niebla, another genus of the family Ramalinaceae in the Sonoran region, by the presence of pseudocyphellae, its prosoplectenchymatous cortex and its pale pycnidia. In addition species of Ramalina never produce (-)-16 α-hydroxykaurane that is often found in Niebla. North American members of Niebla have black pycnidia and those with rigid blades and thick cortices have an anticlinal palisade layer of cells in the cortex, though some forms have a simpler cortex. A major challenge with Ramalina from the Sonoran region is dealing with the European species reported by R.H. Howe (1914). He did not cite specimens, making it impossible to determine precisely his concepts of the different species. However, we have found some Howe identified material in FH and US and make the following conclusions: (1) No authentic material of Ramalina calicaris, a predominately European species, has been found for the Sonoran region, and some material identified as such by Howe proved to be R. leptocarpa; (2) Ramalina calicaris var. farinacea as determined by Howe is R. farinacea; (3) Ramalina fastigiata is reported and most reports for North America now are called R. americana, but in the Southwest the name was most likely applied incorrectly to R. sinensis.[Rick Reifner reported this species based on an identification by John Thompson.]; (4) Ramalina fraxinea is another European species reported by Howe, but we suspect that it may have been an identification based on what is now regarded as Ramalina sonorensis; (5) Ramalina linearis, as identified by Howe, is R. leptocarpa. Potentially
Mostrar todos los taxa || << 1 - 50 taxa >>
Ramalina abyssinica
Image of Ramalina abyssinica
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina africana
Image of Ramalina africana
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina ahtii
Image of Ramalina ahtii
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina allani
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina allanii
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina alludens
Image of Ramalina alludens
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina almquistii
Image of Ramalina almquistii
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina americana
Image of Ramalina americana
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina anceps
Image of Ramalina anceps
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina andina
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina angulosa
Image of Ramalina angulosa
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina anisitsiana
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina antillarum
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina arabum
Image of Ramalina arabum
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina arbuscula
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina asahinae
Image of Ramalina asahinae
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina asahinana
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina aspera
Image of Ramalina aspera
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina aspersa
Image of Ramalina aspersa
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina asperula
Image of Ramalina asperula
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina attenuata
Image of Ramalina attenuata
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina aulota
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina australiensis
Image of Ramalina australiensis
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina bajacalifornica
Image of Ramalina bajacalifornica
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina balatonica
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina baltica
Image of Ramalina baltica
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina banzarensis
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina bermudiana
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina berterii
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina bicolor
Image of Ramalina bicolor
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina bigeniculata
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina bistorta
Image of Ramalina bistorta
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina bogotensis
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina boninensis
Image of Ramalina boninensis
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina boulhautiana
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina bourgeana
Image of Ramalina bourgeana
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina brevis
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina breviuscula
Image of Ramalina breviuscula
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina cactacearum
Image of Ramalina cactacearum
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina cacuminum
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina caespitella
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina caespitosa
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina calcarata
Image of Ramalina calcarata
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina calicaris
Image of Ramalina calicaris
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina calycaris
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina camptospora
Image of Ramalina camptospora
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina canaguensis
Imágenes
no disponibles
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina canalicularis
Image of Ramalina canalicularis
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina canaliculata
Image of Ramalina canaliculata
Mapa no
Disponible
Ramalina canariensis
Image of Ramalina canariensis
Mapa no
Disponible

 

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