Global occurrence: Africa (incl Madagascar) | Eurasia – Asia Extratropical | Oceania – Australasia | Eurasia – Europe | Arctic.  Substrate: – siliceous, siliciferous, acidic | rock, stones, pebbles – unspecified.  Life habit: lichenized (mutualistic with algal photobionts.  Thallus: crustose (crustaceous) – episubstratal – unspecified; cracked, fissured, fractured, rimose | compartimentized – areolate, squamulate; [th] upper surface: brown(ish) (if pale: fawn, tan; if mid: cinnamon) | white(ish) | grey(ish) brown; [th upper surface]: epruinose; [th marginal and upper surface] specific structures: absent; [th] medulla amyloidity: absent.  Ascomata:  absent | present; ascoma: apothecial, apothecioid – hymenial; ascoma [mm]: (low) 0.3 (high) 0.6; ascoma: sessile, superficial;[ascm, if apoth] disc, mazaedium: plane, flat, flattened, expanded; [ascm, if apoth] disc, mazaedium: black(ish); [ascm, if apoth] disc, mazaedium: epruinose; [ascm, if apoth] margin surface; [if perith] periostiolar area, ostiole, involucrellum: black(ish); [ascm, if apoth] subhymenial layers, hypothecium; [if perith] basal excipulum: brown(ish) (if pale: fawn, tan; if mid: cinnamon); [ascm] paraphyses/-oids: present; [ascm] epihymenium, epithecium: brown(ish) (if pale: fawn, tan; if mid: cinnamon).  Asci:  lecanoralean; [asc] tholus: thickened; [asc] tholus amyloidity (iodine reaction): present; [asc] tholus amyloidity pattern: amyloid with acuate axial body towards the apex (= Bacidia-, Buellia-, Ramalina-types etc).  Ascospores: (median) 8.0; [asp] shape: ellipsoidal; [asp] length [µm]: (low) 10.0 (high) 15.0; [asp] width [µm]: (low) 6.5 (high) 8.5; [asp] septa: present; [asp] septa: transversely septate; [asp] transversal septa: (median) 1.0; [asp] pigmentation: medium brown, brownish; [asp] perispore, epispore: ornamented, rough, warted, striate, cracked.  Conidiamata: absent | present.  Conidia: filiform, vermiform; [co] length [µm]: (low) 15.0 (high) 30.0.  Secondary metabolites: absent; Primary photobiont: present; chlorophytaceous – trebouxiaceous, chlorococcoid.  Secondary photobiont (eg in cephalodia): absent.