Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.
Life habit: fungicolous, including lichenicolous, parasitic, often gall-forming, non-lichenized Basidiomata: gelatinous, often inducing gall formation context hyphae: thin-walled, often with clamp connections haustorial branches: present, tremelloid hymenium: containing numerous probasidia; probasidial initials: ellipsoid, often with basal clamps; hyphidia and cystidia: absent basidia: when mature, elongate, clavate or subcylindrical, aseptate or with incomplete septa, with 2-6 epibasidia epibasidia: short, subuliform; sterigmata: often refractive at the tip basidiospores: either ballistic and attached obliquely on the sterigmata, or passively released and attached symmetrically, ellipsoid or limoniform; point of attachment: often refractive Anamorph: composed of different kinds: zygoconidia in two species; blastoconidia in several other species; catenate and lunate conidia in most lichenicolous species; and asteroconidia in one lichenicolous species Geography: cosmopolitan Substrate: basidiomata of Agaricales and Polyporales, thalli of macrolichens.