Pycnothelia papillaria Dufour  
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Family: Cladoniaceae
[Biatora epimarta (Nyl.) Walt. Watson, moreBuellia epimarta (Nyl.) Malme, Cladonia heteromorpha G. Merr., Cladonia madreporiformis (With.) DC., Cladonia molariformis Hoffm., Cladonia papillaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Cladonia papillaria f. chthonoblastes Erichsen, Cladonia papillaria f. molariformis (Hoffm.) Schaer., Cladonia papillaria f. papillaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm., Lecidea epimarta Nyl., Lichen madreporiformis With., Lichen papillarius Ehrh., Pycnothelia madreporiformis (With.) Dufour, Pycnothelia papillaria f. molariformis (Hoffm.) Schaer., Pycnotheliomyces papillariae Cif. & Tomas.]
Pycnothelia papillaria image
Stephen Sharnoff  
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Life habit: lichenized (mutualistic with algal photobionts) thallus: crustose (crustaceous) – episubstratal – unspecified | subfruticose (subfruticous), fruticulose, dactyliform | fruticose (fruticous), shrub-like, beard-like thallus: granular, granulose, granulate [th] upper surface: grey(ish) | white(ish) | green(ish) grey | grey(ish) white | yellow(ish) white (ivory, off-white, cream-coloured) [th marginal and upper surface] specific structures: absent [th] morphol substructures (eg areoles, lobes, branches) width [mm]: (low) 0.5 (high) 1.5 (max) 2.0 [th] morphol substructures (eg areoles, lobes, branches) upper surface: smooth, plane | uneven, undulate ascomata: absent | present ascoma: apothecial, apothecioid – hymenial ascoma [mm]: (low) 0.3 (high) 0.5 ascoma: sessile, superficial [ascm, if apoth] disc, mazaedium: convex [ascm, if apoth] disc, mazaedium: red(dish) brown (if pale: orange brown) [ascm, if apoth] disc, mazaedium: epruinose [ascm] paraphyses/-oids: present asci: lecanoralean [asc] tholus: thickened [asc] tholus amyloidity (iodine reaction): present [asc] tholus amyloidity pattern: with amyloid tube, ring (= Collema-, Micarea-, Porpidia-, Psora-types etc) ascospores: (median) 8.0 [asp] shape: elongate-fusiform, ellipsoidal-fusiform [asp] length [µm]: (low) 9.0 (high) 15.0 [asp] width [µm]: (low) 2.0 (high) 3.5 [asp] septa: absent – spore lumen unilocular, monolocular | present [asp] septa: transversely septate [asp] transversal septa: (low) 1.0 (high) 3.0 [asp] pigmentation: hyaline, colourless [asp] perispore, epispore: not apparent conidiomata: absent | present conidia: fusiform | [cur] – curved, unciform, falcate, sickle-shaped [co] length [µm]: (low) 8.0 (high) 14.0 secondary metabolites: present secondary metabolites: atranorin | chloroatranorin | lichesterinic acid | protolichesterinic acid | squamatic acid | unknown/unidentified compound(s) primary photobiont: present secondary photobionts (eg in cephalodia): absent primary photobiont: chlorophytaceous – trebouxiaceous, chlorococcoid.

substrate: soil, clay, humus, turf, detritus, dead leaves | rock – siliceous, siliciferous, acidic | rock, stones, pebbles – unspecified.
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Pycnothelia papillaria image
Stephen Sharnoff  
Pycnothelia papillaria image
Stephen Sharnoff  
Pycnothelia papillaria image
Stephen Sharnoff  
Pycnothelia papillaria image
Stephen Sharnoff  
Pycnothelia papillaria image
Stephen Sharnoff  
Pycnothelia papillaria image
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