Sphaerophorus fragilis (L.) Pers.  
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Family: Sphaerophoraceae
[Cladonia fragilis (L.) F.H. Wigg., moreCoralloides fragilis (L.) Hoffm., Lecanora fragilis Zahlbr., Lecanora fragilis var. fragilis (Scop.) Zahlbr., Lecanora fragilis var. subcetrarioides Zahlbr., Lichen caespitosus Roth, Lichen fragilis L., Placodium fragile (Scop.) Szatala, Placodium fragile f. fragile (Scop.) Szatala, Placodium fragile f. latilobum Oxner, Placodium fragile var. fragile (Scop.) Szatala, Placodium fragile var. subcetrariodes Zahlbr., Sphaerophorus caespitosus (Roth) DC., Sphaerophorus coralloides var. caespitosus (Roth) Turner & Borrer, Sphaerophorus coralloides var. fragilis (L.) Taylor, Stereocaulon fragile (L.) Hoffm., Verrucaria fragilis (L.) Humb.]
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Stephen Sharnoff  
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Botanische Staatssammlung München
Life habit: lichenized (mutualistic with algal photobionts) thallus: fruticose (fruticous), shrub-like, beard-like thallus:ascomata: absent | present ascoma: apothecial, apothecioid – hymenial ascoma [mm]: (low) 1.5 (high) 2.8 ascoma: sessile, superficial [ascm, if apoth] disc, mazaedium: black(ish) [ascm, if apoth] margin excipular photobionts: present [ascm, if apoth] subhymenial layers, hypothecium; [if perith] basal excipulum: black(ish) brown asci: prototunicate [asc] tholus: not thickened [asc] tholus amyloidity (iodine reaction): absent ascospores: (median) 8.0 [asp] shape: globose, spherical | broadly ellipsoidal [asp] length [µm]: (median) 9.0 (max) 12.0 [asp] width [µm]: (median) 9.0 (max) 12.0 [asp] septa: absent – spore lumen unilocular, monolocular [asp] pigmentation: medium brown, brownish | dark brown [asp] perispore, epispore: ornamented, rough, warted, striate, cracked conidiomata: absent | present conidia: ellipsoidal | bacilliform, bacillar [co] length [µm]: (low) 3.0 (high) 4.0 secondary metabolites: present secondary metabolites: hypothamnolic acid | sphaerophorin | squamatic acid primary photobiont: present secondary photobionts (eg in cephalodia): absent primary photobiont: chlorophytaceous – trebouxiaceous, chlorococcoid.

substrate: soil, clay, humus, turf, detritus, dead leaves | rock – siliceous, siliciferous, acidic | rock, stones, pebbles – unspecified.
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Troy McMullin  
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Samuel Brinker  
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Lucy Taylor  
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Stephen Sharnoff  
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Stephen Sharnoff  
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