Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.
Life habit: fungicolous, including lichenicolous and lignicolous, but then possibly associated to other fungi Basidiomata: poorly developed, resupinate or subspherical, arachnoid or waxy-gelatinous context hyphae: with or without clamps haustorial branches: unknown hymenium: containing numerous probasidia, poorly developed in some species probasidial initials: subspherical to ellipsoid or claviform, thick-walled; hyphidia and cystidia: absent basidia: when mature, consisting of a thick-walled lower part (the probasidium) and a thin-walled, cylindrical, often bent, transversely 3-septate upper part (the meiosporangium) epibasidia: short, +perpendicular to the basidium basidiospores: ellipsoid, sometimes a little curved, with a distinct apiculus Anamorph: known in some species; yeast states: reported for two species Geography: Europe and North America Hosts: ascomata of coprophilous fungi, thalli of macrolichens and wood.