Lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental US & Canada (Version 23)
Authors: Ted Esslinger
Citation: This version (Version #23, 19 September 2019) of the checklist is being simultaneously published online by North Dakota State University, and in Opuscula Philolichenum 18: 102-378.
Locality: Continental United States of America and Canada
Abstract:

Version 23 of the checklist of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi occurring in North America north of Mexico is presented. It includes a total of 5,618 species in 766 genera, with an additional 44 subspecies, 45 varieties, and 3 forms. The total species number includes 631 lichenicolous fungi, 107 saprophytic fungi related to lichens or to lichenicolous fungi, and another 63 species of varying and/or uncertain biological status.

Please click here to download the Reference List as a PDF.

Notes: The original checklist and its previous versions is available online at this website of North Dakota State University.

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Families: 172
Genera: 768
Species: 5621
Total Taxa: 5661

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* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Kocourková et al. (2012)
[Abrothallus glabratulae Kotte]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Goward et al. (1996)
[Lichenoconium cladoniae (Ellis & Everh.) Petr. & Syd., Sphaeropsis cladoniae Ellis & Everh.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Suija et al. (2015)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Suija et al. (2015)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Lendemer & Knudsen (2008b)
[Lecidea parmeliarum f. microsperma (Tul.) Stizenb.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Cole & Hawksworth (2001)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Suija et al. (2015)
[Abrothallus parasiticus (Ach.) Nyl., Abrothallus parmeliarum f. parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Nyl., Abrothallus parmeliarum var. parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Nyl., Abrothallus smithii Tul., Buellia parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Tuck., Buellia smithii (Tul.) Jatta, Buelliella parmeliarum (Sommerf.) Fink, Endocarpon parasiticum Ach., Lecidea parmeliarum Sommerf., Lecidea parmeliarum f. parmeliarum Sommerf., Parmelia saxatilis f. parasitica (Ach.) Bosch]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Buellia parmeliarum
[Abrothallus parmeliarum var. peyritschii Stein]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
[Abrothallus parmeliarum f. prodiens Harm., Buellia prodiens (Harm.) H. Olivier, Lecidea prodiens Harm.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Leciographa suecica Kirschst.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Cole & Hawksworth (2001)
[Buellia lepidophila var. usneae (Rabenh.) H. Olivier, Buellia usneae (Rabenh.) Jatta, Buelliella usneae (Rabenh.) Fink]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Cole & Hawksworth (2001)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
source: Spribille et al. (2009)
source: Spribille et al. (2009)
[Gyalecta geoica f. trivialis Tuck.]
[Acanthothecis intertexta (Müll. Arg.) Staiger & Kalb, Graphina intertexta (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris, Graphis intertexta Müll.Arg., Phaeographis aurantiaca Müll.Arg.]
source: Staiger (2002)
source: Lendemer & Harris (2014a)
source: Muscavitch & Lendemer (2016)
source: Staiger & Kalb (1999)
[Acanthothecis abaphoides (Nyl.) Staiger & Kalb, Graphina abaphoides (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Graphis leucopepla Tuck.]
source: Tripp et al. (2010)
source: Lendemer & Harris (2014a)
[Graphina subvirginalis (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Graphis mosquitensis Tuck.]
source: Tripp et al. (2010)
source: Lendemer & Harris (2014a)
[Graphina peplophora M. Wirth & Hale]
source: Tripp et al. (2010)
[Graphis poitaeoides Nyl.]
source: Tripp et al. (2010)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Kocourková & Hawksworth (2008)
source: Knudsen (2007a)
[Acarospora cinereoalba Fink ex H. Magn., Acarospora superfusca H. Magn.]
Acarospora superfusa is NOT a synonym!, source: Knudsen et al. (2011b)
[Acarospora californica Zahlbr., Lecanora badiofusca Nyl., Sarcogyne athroocarpa H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2013)
[Acarospora asperata H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen et al. (2014b); McCune et al. (2014b)
source: Knudsen (2007a)
source: Knudsen (2007a), Knudsen et al. (2008a)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22), source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2018b)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): Previous reports for N.A. were in error (Knudsen et al. 2010)
source: Knudsen (2007a)
[Sarcogyne canadensis (H. Magn.) K. Knudsen, J.N. Adams, Kocourk. & Y. Wang]
[Acarospora cervina f. normalis A. Massal., Acarospora glaucocarpa var. perceana (Fr.) Arnold, Caloplaca variabilis var. percaena (Ach.) H. Olivier, Lecanora cervina Nyl., Lecanora cervina var. cervina Ach., Lecanora cervina var. effigurata Sommerf., Lecanora cervina var. endocarpoidea Sommerf., Lecidea percaena Ach., Parmelia cervina (Ach.) Hepp, Parmelia cervina var. cervina (Ach.) Hepp, Parmelia cervina var. perceana (Ach.) Fr., Parmelia cervina var. protuberans Schaer., Placodium cervinum (Ach.) Link, Placodium cervinum var. cervinum (Ach.) Link, Placodium cervinum var. percaenum Müll.Arg., Psoroma cervinum (Ach.) Gray, Pyrenodesmia variabilis var. percaena (Ach.) M. Choisy, Squamaria cervina (Ach.) Duby]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Lecanora cervinaNyl.
[Lecanora chrysops Tuck.]
source: Knudsen et al. (2008a)
[Biatorella clauzadeana Llimona & Vězda]
source: Brodo et al. (2001), Knudsen (2007a)
[Acarospora albomarginata (Herre) Salisb., Acarospora washingtonensis H. Magn.]
[Acarospora albida H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen (2005a)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22), source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2018b)
source: Knudsen (2007a)
[Acarospora cartilaginea H. Magn., Acarospora squamulosa f. albomarginata (Cromb.) A.L. Sm., Acarospora squamulosa f. marginata Cromb., Acarospora squamulosa f. squamulosa (Ach.) Trevis., Acarospora squamulosa var. squamulosa (Ach.) Trevis., Acarospora veronensis var. fuscata (Nyl.) Arnold, Lecanora badia var. fuscata Ach., Lecanora fuscata Röhl., Lecanora fuscata var. fuscata Nyl., Lecanora fuscata var. pelioscyphoides Nyl., Lecanora fuscata var. peliscyphoides Nyl., Lichen fuscatus Schrad. nom. cons.]
[Acarospora cervina f. conspersa (Th. Fr.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Acarospora cervina f. depauperata Körb., Acarospora cervina var. glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb., Acarospora glaucocarpa f. conspersa Th. Fr., Acarospora glaucocarpa f. glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb., Acarospora glaucocarpa f. ostreata Anzi, Acarospora glaucocarpa var. conspersa Th. Fr., Acarospora glaucocarpa var. depauperata (Körb.) A.L. Sm., Acarospora glaucocarpa var. glaucocarpa (Ach.) Körb., Acarospora percaenoides (Nyl.) Flagey, Lecanora castanea f. percaenoides Nyl., Lecanora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora glaucocarpa f. conspersa (Th. Fr.) Cromb., Lecanora glaucocarpa f. glaucocarpa (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora glaucocarpa f. verrucosa Tuck., Lecanora glaucocarpa var. endocarpoides Vain., Lecanora glaucocarpa var. glaucocarpa (Ach.) Ach., Lecanora percaenoides Nyl., Lichen glaucocarpus (Ach.) Wahlenb., Myriospora glaucocarpa (Ach.) Hepp, Parmelia glaucocarpa Ach., Placodium glaucocarpum (Ach.) Müll.Arg.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syns. Lecanora glaucocarpa, L. glaucocarpa f. verrucosa
[Acarospora rubicunda H. Magn.]
[Lecanora hilaris Dufour]
[Acarospora atrata Hue, Acarospora opaca H. Magn., Acarospora opaca f. opaca H. Magn., Lecanora impressula (Th. Fr.) Nyl.]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens
source: Lumbsch et al. (2011)
source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2015)
[Acarospora castanea f. incusa Körb., Acarospora incusa (Körb.) M. Choisy & Werner, Acarospora macrospora subsp. murorum (A. Massal.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Acarospora macrospora var. incusa (Körb.) H. Magn., Acarospora murorum A. Massal., Acarospora murorum f. murorum A. Massal., Acarospora squamulosa var. incusa (Körb.) Zahlbr.]
[Aspicilia excavata G. Thor & Timdal, Aspicilia moenium (Vain.) Thor & Timdal, Endocarpon moenium Vain.]
source: Nordin et al. (2009)
[Acarospora molybdina f. molybdina (Wahlenb.) Trevis., Acarospora molybdina var. molybdina (Wahlenb.) Trevis.]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens., source: Knudsen (2011a)
[Acarospora caesiofusca (Mull. Arg.) H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen & Morse (2009)
[Acarospora geogena H. Magn., Acarospora geophila H. Magn., Acarospora reagens Zahlbr.]
[Acarospora ferdinandii (Müll.Arg.) Hue, Parmelia nodulosa Dufour, Placodium ferdinandii Müll.Arg., Placodium nodulosum (Dufour) Müll. Arg., Urceolaria nodulosa (Dufour) Schaer.]
[Acarospora incertula H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen (2007a)
[Lecanora obpallens Nyl. ex Hasse]
[Acarospora glebosa Almq.]
source: Knudsen (2010 [2011])
[Trimmatothelopsis oreophila (K. Knudsen) K. Knudsen, Kocourk., Hodková & Y. Wang]
source: Knudsen (2007a)
source: Knudsen et al. (2011b)
source: Knudsen (2007a)
source: Knudsen et al. (2010)
source: Knudsen (2007a), Knudsen et al. (2008a)
[Acarospora montana H. Magn.]
[Acarospora ocellata H. Magn., Acarospora subcontigua H. Magn., Aspicilia schleicheri (Ach.) Pit. & Harm., Lecanora schleicheri (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora schleicheri f. radicans Nyl., Lecanora schleicheri f. schleicheri (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora schleicheri var. schleicheri (Ach.) Nyl., Parmelia schleicheri (Ach.) Fr., Placodium schleicheri (Ach.) Boistel, Urceolaria schleicheri Ach.]
source: significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Lecanora schleicheri
[Acarospora smaragdula var. sinopica (Wahlenb.) A. Massal., Endocarpon sinopicum Wahlenb., Lecanora fuscata var. sinopica (Wahlenb.) Linds., Lecanora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Sommerf., Lichen sinopicus (Wahlenb.) Sm., Myriospora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Hepp, Polysporinopsis sinopica (Wahlenb.) Vězda, Zeora sinopica (Wahlenb.) Flot.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Lecanora fuscata var. sinopica
[Acarospora evoluta H. Magn., Acarospora intercedens H. Magn., Acarospora subalbida H. Magn.]
[Trimmatothelopsis sphaerosperma (R.C. Harris & K. Knudsen) K. Knudsen & Kocourk.]
source: Knudsen et al. (2011b)
[Acarospora peliocypha (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr., Lichen squamulosus Schrad., Parmelia peliocypha Wahlenb., Parmelia squamulosa Ach.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. A. peliocypha = A. squamulosa, source: Knudsen et al. (2019)
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens.
[Acarospora nigromarginata B. de Lesd., Acarospora peltastica Zahlbr., Acarospora peltata Hasse, Acarospora strigata f. longispora H. Magn.]
[Acarospora interspersa H. Magn.]
source: Lendemer & Knudsen (2011)
[Acarospora interposita H. Magn., Acarospora interposita var. nitidella H. Magn., Acarospora nitidella (H. Magn.) K. Knudsen ined., Acarospora thermophila Herre, Lecanora cervina var. thamnina Tuck.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Lecanora cervina var. thamnina
[Acarospora pleiospora (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Acarospora pleistospora (Nyl.) Hasse, Lecanora pleiospora J. Steiner, Lecanora pleiospora var. pleiospora J. Steiner, Lecanora pleiospora var. zimmermannii Servít, Lecanora pleistospora J. Steiner, Lecanora thelococcoides Nyl.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22), source: Leavitt et al. (2018)
source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2017)
[Acarospora variegata H. Magn.]
source: Knudsen (2007a)
[Acarospora magnussonii Samp., Acarospora obscura H. Magn.]
[Cyphelium chloroconium (Tuck.) Zahlbr.]
[Acolium tympanellum (Ach.) Gray, Calicium inquinans (Sm.) Schaer., Calicium tympanellum Ach., Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trevisan, Cyphelium inquinans f. inquinans (Sm.) Trevis., Cyphelium tympanellum (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea tympanella (Ach.) Link, Lichen inquinans Sm., Trachylia inquinans (Sm.) Rabenh., Trachylia tympanella (Ach.) Fr.]
[Cyphelium lucidum var. karelicum Vain.]
[Calicium sessile var. marginatum Turner & Borrer, Cyphelium inquinans var. sessile (Pers.) Schaer., Cyphelium sessile (Pers.) Trevisan, Trachylia sessilis (Pers.) Rabenh.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Arthopyrenia cavata (Ach.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria cavata Ach.]
[Acrocordia conoidea f. carnea Arnold, Acrocordia epipolaea (Borrer) A.L. Sm., Arthopyrenia conoidea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia conoidea var. conoidea (Fr.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia conoidea var. suzae Vězda, Arthopyrenia conoidea var. triseptata (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia epipolaea (Borrer) A. Massal., Leiophloea conoidea (Fr.) Trevis., Sagedia conoidea (Fr.) Hepp, Thelidium conoideum (Fr.) Kremp., Verrucaria conoidea Fr., Verrucaria conoidea var. conoidea Fr., Verrucaria conoidea var. triseptata Nyl., Verrucaria epipolaea Borrer, Verrucaria epipolaea var. epipolaea Ach., Verrucaria epipolaea var. orbicularis Garov., Verrucaria epipolaea var. rugulosa Schaer.]
[Acrocordia alba (Schrad.) B. de Lesd., Arthopyrenia alba (Schrad.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia alba var. alba (Schrad.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia alba var. subdissoluta Erichsen, Arthopyrenia gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal., Arthopyrenia sphaeroides (Wallr.) Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia sphaeroides var. glauca (Körb.) Erichsen, Arthopyrenia sphaeroides var. sphaeroides (Wallr.) Zahlbr., Leiophloea alba (Schrad.) Riedl, Leiophloea gemmata (Ach.) Gray, Lichen gemmatus Ach., Pyrenula gemmata (Ach.) Nägeli, Pyrenula gemmata var. gemmata (Ach.) Nägeli, Pyrenula gemmata var. tersa (Körb.) J.J. Kickx, Sagedia gemmata (Ach.) Stizenb., Segestrella gemmata (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Thelidium gemmatum (Ach.) Kremp., Verrucaria alba Schrad., Verrucaria gemmata (Ach.) Ach.]
source: Lendemer & Harris (2014b)
[Arthopyrenia finkii Zahlbr., Arthopyrenia macrospora Fink, Pyrenula megalospora Fink]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Biatora pilati Hepp, Lecidea lyngeana Zahlbr., Lecidea pilati (Hepp) Körb., Lecidea subauriculata Lynge (non B. de Lesd.) nom. illegit.]
Lecidea subauriculata Lynge (non B. de Lesd.) nom . illegit. is a synonym; but the legitimate homonym Lecidea subauriculata B. de Lesd. should be transferred into Lecidella.
source: Hertel (2004)
[Amphoroblastia allobata (Stizenb.) Servít, Polyblastia allobata (Stizenb.) Zschacke, Verrucaria allobata Stizenb.]
source: Fryday (2001)
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22), source: Waters and Lendemer 2019
[Amphoroblastia gelatinosa (Ach.) Servít, Amphoroblastia nigrata (Nyl.) Servít, Chromatochlamys gelatinosa (Ach.) Trevis., Endocarpon gelatinosum (Ach.) Müll.Arg., Polyblastia gelatinosa (Ach.) Th. Fr., Polyblastia nigrata (Nyl.) Lönnr., Pyrenula gelatinosa (Ach.) Schaer., Sphaeromphale nigrata (Nyl.) Mudd, Verrucaria gelatinosa Ach., Verrucaria nigrata Nyl.]
source: Sérusiaux et al. (1999)
[Phaeophyscia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) Hafellner, Physcia opuntiella Buschardt & Poelt]
source: Lendemer (2004c)
[Acarospora fuscata f. tristicula (Nyl.) H. Magn., Acrocordia tristicula (Nyl.) A. Massal., Polyblastia tristicula (Nyl.) Arnold, Sporodictyon tristiculum (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Verrucaria tristicula Nyl.]
[Agyrium rufum var. pallens Fr., Agyrium rufum var. rufum (Pers.) Fr., Biatora grumosa (Leight.) Walt. Watson, Lecidea grumosa Leight., Stictis rufa Pers., Xylographa parallela f. pallescens Fr.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates
[Cetraria aurescens Tuck., Nephromopsis aurescens (Tuck.) Divakar, A. Crespo & Lumbsch, Tuckermannopsis aurescens (Tuck.) Hale, Tuckermanopsis aurescens (Tuck.) Hale]
source: Thell et al. (1995)
[Cetraria pallidula Tuck. ex Riddle, Tuckermannopsis pallidula (Tuck. ex Riddle) Hale, Tuckermanopsis pallidula (Tuck. ex Riddle) Hale]
source: Thell et al. (1995)
[Cetraria sphaerosporella (Müll. Arg.) McCune, Nephromopsis sphaerosporella (Müll. Arg.) Divakar, A. Crespo & Lumbsch, Parmelia sphaerosporella Müll.Arg.]
source: Brodo & Lendemer (2015)
[Alectoria osteina Nyl., Cornicularia lata Taylor]
[Alectoria ochroleuca f. citrina Räsänen, Alectoria ochroleuca f. tenuior Cromb., Alectoria ochroleuca var. citrina (Räsänen) D. Hawksw., Alectoria ochroleuca var. rigida (Fr.) Th. Fr., Bryopogon ochroleucus (Hoffm.) Link, Bryopogon ochroleucus f. intricatus Gyeln., Bryopogon ochroleucus f. japonicus Gyeln., Bryopogon ochroleucus f. ochroleucus (Hoffm.) Link, Bryopogon ochroleucus var. ochroleucus (Hoffm.) Link, Bryopogon ochroleucus var. rigidus (Fr.) Hazsl., Bryopogon ochroleucus var. tenuior (Cromb.) Gyeln., Bryopogon ochroleucus var. tenulor (Cromb.) Gyeln., Cornicularia ochroleuca (Hoffm.) DC., Cornicularia ochroleuca var. ochroleuca (Hoffm.) DC., Cornicularia ochroleuca var. rigida (Fr.) Schaer., Evernia ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Fr., Evernia ochroleuca var. ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Fr., Evernia ochroleuca var. rigida Fr., Parmelia ochroleuca f. ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Ach., Parmelia ochroleuca var. ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Ach., Usnea ochroleuca Hoffm.]
[Alectoria luteola Mont., Alectoria sarmentosa f. sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., Alectoria sarmentosa subsp. sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., Alectoria sarmentosa var. sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach., Alectoria stigmata Bystrek, Alectoria subsarmentosa Stirt., Bryopogon ochroleucus var. sarmentosus (Ach.) Rabenh., Bryopogon sarmentosus (Ach.) Link, Cornicularia sarmentosa (Ach.) DC., Cornicularia sarmentosa var. sarmentosa (Ach.) DC., Eualectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Gyeln., Eualectoria sarmentosa var. dichotoma (Hoffm.) Gyeln., Eualectoria sarmentosa var. hypocyphellata Gyeln., Eualectoria sarmentosa var. sarmentosa (Ach.) Gyeln., Evernia sarmentosa (Ach.) Fr., Lichen sarmentosus Ach., Parmelia sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach.]
[Alectoria cincinnata (Fr.) Lynge, Alectoria cincinnata f. vexillifera (Nyl.) Savicz, Alectoria cincinnata var. vexillifera (Nyl.) Räsänen, Alectoria ochroleuca subsp. vexillifera Nyl., Alectoria ochroleuca var. cincinnata (Fr.) Nyl., Alectoria sarmentosa f. vexillifera (Nyl.) H. Magn., Alectoria sarmentosa subsp. vexillifera (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., Alectoria sarmentosa var. cincinnata (Fr.) Nyl., Bryopogon cincinnatus (Fr.) Gyeln., Bryopogon cincinnatus f. adventivus Gyeln., Bryopogon cincinnatus f. cincinnatus (Fr.) Gyeln., Bryopogon vexilliferus (Nyl.) Gyeln., Evernia ochroleuca var. cincinnata Fr.]
source: McMullin et al. (2016)
[Hypogymnia almquistii (Vain.) Rass., Parmelia almquistii Vain., Parmelia almquistii f. almquistii Vain., Parmelia almquistii f. opaca Lynge]
[Brodoa atrofusca (Schaer.) Goward, Hypogymnia alpicola (Th. Fr.) Hav., Hypogymnia alpicola f. alpicola (Th. Fr.) Hav., Hypogymnia alpicola f. nitida (Vain.) Rass., Hypogymnia alpicola f. opaca (Vain.) Rass., Hypogymnia atrofusca (Schaer.) Räsänen, Hypogymnia atrofusca f. atrofusca (Schaer.) Räsänen, Hypogymnia atrofusca f. nitida (Vain.) Räsänen, Hypogymnia atrofusca f. opaca (Vain.) Räsänen, Hypogymnia intestiniformis var. atrofusca (Schaer.) Poelt, Imbricaria alpicola (Th. Fr.) Arnold, Parmelia alpicola Th. Fr., Parmelia alpicola f. alpicola Th. Fr., Parmelia alpicola f. aperta Å.E. Dahl, Lynge & Schol., Parmelia alpicola f. luxurians Frey, Parmelia alpicola f. nitida Vain., Parmelia alpicola f. opaca Vain., Parmelia atrofusca (Schaer.) Cromb., Parmelia atrofusca f. atrofusca (Schaer.) Cromb., Parmelia atrofusca f. luxurians (Frey) Zahlbr., Parmelia atrofusca f. nitida (Vain.) Zahlbr., Parmelia atrofusca f. opaca (Vain.) Zahlbr., Parmelia ceratophylla var. atrofusca Schaer., Parmelia encausta var. alpicola (Th. Fr.) Nyl., Parmelia intestiniformis var. atrofusca (Schaer.) Hasselrot]
[Parmelia sibirica Zahlbr.]
source: Spribille et al. (2009a)
[Calicium adaequatum Nyl., Calicium adequatum Nyl., Calicium hemisphaericum G.E. Howard, Embolidium adaequatum (Nyl.) Vain.]
source: Prieto & Wedin (2017)
[Cetraria madreporiformis (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Dactylina madreporiformis (Ach.) Tuck., Dactylina madreporiformis f. madreporiformis (With.) Tuck., Dufourea madreporiformis Ach., Evernia fertilis Fr., Evernia madreporiformis (Ach.) Fr., Isidium madreporiforme (Ach.) Chevall., Parmelia madreporiformis (Ach.) Spreng., Siphula madreporiformis (Ach.) Duby]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syns. Cetraria madreporiformis, Dactylina madreporiformis, Dufourea madreporiformis, source: Kärnefelt & Thell (1996)
[Evernia stracheyi C. Bab.]
source: Thell et al. (2009)
[Graphina acharii (Fée) Müll. Arg., Graphis acharii Fée, Graphis rigida f. acharii (Fée) Nyl., Graphis rigida var. acharii (Fée) Kremp., Opegrapha acharii (Fée) Mont.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syns. Graphina acharii, Graphis acharii, Presence in N.A. uncertain (Tripp et al. 2010), source: Kalb et al. 2018
[Graphis argentata Lücking & Umaña]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis argentata, source: Lücking et al. 2011b, Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis elongata Zenker, Graphis elongata var. elongata Vain.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis elongata, source: Seavey et al. 2017, Kalb et al. 2018
[Graphis longula Kremp., Phaeographis longula (Kremp.) Zahlbr.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis longula, source: Lücking et al. 2011b, Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis lumbricina Vain.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis lumbricina, source: Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis pavoniana Fée]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis pavoniana, N.A. reports uncertain (Lendemer 2010b), source: Kalb et al. 2018
[Graphis pseudocinerea Lücking]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis pseudocinerea, source: Lücking et al. 2011b, Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis rimulosa (Mont.) Trevisan, Graphis rimulosa var. pulverulenta (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Graphis rimulosa var. rimulosa (Mont.) Trevis., Graphis striatula var. pulverulenta Nyl., Opegrapha rimulosa Mont.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis rimulosa, source: Kalb et al. 2018
[Graphis sterlingiana E. Tripp & Lendemer]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis sterlingiana, source: Lendemer et al. 2013, Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis subamylacea Zahlbr.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis subamylacea, source: Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis subflexibilis Lücking & Chaves]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis subflexibilis, source: Lücking et al. 2011b; Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis tamiamiensis Lendemer]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis tamiamiensis, source: Lendemer 2010b, Lücking & Kalb 2018
[Graphis xanthospora Müll.Arg.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Graphis xanthospora, source: Lücking et al. 2011b, Kalb et al. 2018
[Opegrapha bicolor R.C. Harris & Lendemer]
source: Ertz & Tehler (2011)
[Opegrapha leightonii Cromb., Opegrapha mougeotii A. Massal.]
source: Frisch et al. (2014)
[Opegrapha ochrocheila Nyl.]
source: Ertz & Tehler (2011)
[Alyxoria diaphora (Ach.) Gray, Alyxoria notha (Ach.) Gray, Graphis notha (Ach.) Trevis., Graphis varia (Pers.) Branth & Rostr., Lichen nothus Ach., Lichen signatus Ach., Opegrapha chlorina Pers., Opegrapha diaphora (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha diaphora f. diaphora (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha diaphora f. herbicola Nyl., Opegrapha diaphora f. signata (Ach.) J. Nowak, Opegrapha diaphora f. tigrina (Ach.) J. Nowak, Opegrapha diaphora var. chlorina (Pers.) H. Olivier, Opegrapha diaphora var. diaphora (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha diaphora var. mexicana B. de Lesd. ex Ruiz{?}, Opegrapha diaphora var. signata (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha diaphora var. stellata Sántha, Opegrapha diaphora var. tigrina (Ach.) H. Olivier, Opegrapha diaphora var. tridens (Ach.) H. Olivier, Opegrapha lichenoides Pers., Opegrapha lichenoides f. cerebrina (Erichsen) J. Nowak, Opegrapha lichenoides f. chlorina (Pers.) Erichsen, Opegrapha lichenoides f. lichenoides Pers., Opegrapha lichenoides f. octomera Redinger, Opegrapha lichenoides f. populina (Moug.) Zahlbr., Opegrapha lichenoides var. cerebrina Erichsen, Opegrapha lichenoides var. chlorina (Pers.) Redinger, Opegrapha lichenoides var. lichenoides Pers., Opegrapha lichenoides var. populina (Moug.) Erichsen, Opegrapha lichenoides var. subchondrina Redinger, Opegrapha notha (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha notha var. notha (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha notha var. populina Moug., Opegrapha notha var. spaniota Ach., Opegrapha pulicaris (Hoffm.) Schrader, Opegrapha pulicaris f. lutescens (Ach.) Nyl., Opegrapha pulicaris f. minuta (Chevall.) H. Olivier, Opegrapha pulicaris f. phaea (Ach.) H. Olivier, Opegrapha pulicaris f. pollinii (A. Massal.) Redinger, Opegrapha pulicaris f. pulicaris (Hoffm.) Schrad., Opegrapha rimalis Pers. ex Ach., Opegrapha rimalis var. betulina H. Olivier, Opegrapha rimalis var. rimalis Ach., Opegrapha signata (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha signata var. beta Ach., Opegrapha signata var. signata (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha signata var. tigrina Ach., Opegrapha tridens Ach., Opegrapha varia Pers., Opegrapha varia f. pulicaris, Opegrapha varia f. varia Pers., Opegrapha varia f. xanthocarpa Zwackh, Opegrapha varia var. chlorina (Pers.) H. Olivier, Opegrapha varia var. diaphora (Ach.) Fr., Opegrapha varia var. glomerulans Müll.Arg., Opegrapha varia var. heterocarpa Müll.Arg., Opegrapha varia var. lichenoides (Pers.) Hepp, Opegrapha varia var. notha (Ach.) Fr., Opegrapha varia var. phaea (Ach.) Rabenh., Opegrapha varia var. pulicaris (Hoffm.) Fr., Opegrapha varia var. rimalis (Ach.) Fr., Opegrapha varia var. varia, Scaphis notha (Ach.) Eschw.]
source: Ertz & Tehler (2011)
[Buellia adjuncta Th. Fr., Karschia adjuncta (Th. Fr.) Arnold]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Hafellner (2004b)
[Rinodina cacuminum (Th. Fr.) Malme]
source: Mayrhofer & Sheard (2002)
[Buellia coniops (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr., Buellia coniops f. cervinogranulata I.M. Lamb, Buellia coniops f. coniops (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr., Buellia coniops f. incrassata I.M. Lamb, Buellia coniops f. verrucosa I.M. Lamb, Buellia coniops var. cervinogranulata I.M. Lamb, Buellia coniops var. coniops (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr., Lecidea coniops Wahlenb., Lecidea coniops var. aequata Ach., Lecidea coniops var. coniops Wahlenb.]
[Rinodina dakotensis H. Magn., Rinodina finkii H. Magn., Rinodina inaequalis H. Magn., Rinodina pennsylvanica H. Magn., Rinodina pyriniformis H. Magn., Rinodina subplumbea H. Magn.]
source: Sheard & May (1997)
[Buellia efflorescens Müll.Arg., Buellia efflorescens var. diminutiva (Vain.) Imshaug, Buellia efflorescens var. efflorescens Müll.Arg.]
source: Marbach (2000)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Buellia langloisii Imshaug]
source: Marbach (2000)
source: Tønsberg et al. (2012)
[Rinodina milliaria Tuck., Rinodina milliaria f. incrassata H. Magn., Rinodina milliaria f. milliaria Tuck., Rinodina milliaria f. obscura H. Magn., Rinodina milliaria f. tenuis H. Magn.]
source: Sheard & May (1997)
[Buellia myriocarpa var. polyspora Willey, Buellia polyspora (Will.) Vain., Buellia punctata var. polyspora (Willey) Fink]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syns. Buellia myriocarpa var. polyspora, B. polyspora, B. punctata var. polyspora, source: Sheard & May (1997)
[Abrothallus thallophilus (Ohlert) Arnold, Amandinea myriocarpa (DC.) M. Choisy nom. inval., Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) Mudd, Buellia myriocarpa f. areolata (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Buellia myriocarpa f. depauperata (Anzi) Walt. Watson, Buellia myriocarpa f. ecrustacea (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Buellia myriocarpa f. leprosa (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Buellia myriocarpa f. myriocarpa (DC.) De Not., Buellia myriocarpa f. opegraphina (Leight.) A.L. Sm., Buellia myriocarpa f. punctata (Hoffm.) Boistel, Buellia myriocarpa var. myriocarpa (DC.) De Not., Buellia ocellata f. depauperata Anzi, Buellia praecavenda (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Arnold, Buellia punctata (Hoffm.) Mass., Buellia punctata f. areolata (Leight.) Zahlbr., Buellia punctata f. depauperata (Anzi) Zahlbr., Buellia punctata f. ecrustacea (Leight.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univers. 7: 396 (1931), Buellia punctata f. leprosa (Leight.) Zahlbr., Buellia punctata f. opegraphina (Leight.) Zahlbr., Buellia punctata f. punctata (Hoffm.) A. Massal., Buellia punctata var. punctata (Hoffm.) A. Massal., Buellia punctiformis f. depauperata (Anzi) Szatala nom. inval., Buellia punctiformis f. depauperata (Anzi) Arnold, Buellia punctiformis f. punctata (Hoffm.) Vain., Buellia punctiformis var. myriocarpa (DC.) Arnold, Buellia punctiformis var. punctata (Hoffm.) Lynge, Buellia stigmatea f. depauperata Anzi, Buellia verruculosa f. depauperata (Anzi) Zahlbr., Catocarpus myriocarpus (DC.) Hasse, Catocarpus myriocarpus f. ecrustaceus (Leight.) Hasse, Karschia myriocarpa (DC.) Sacc. & Traverso, Karschia myriocarpa var. myriocarpa (DC.) Sacc. & Traverso, Karschia thalloides sensu auct. brit. (as '(Hepp) Rehm'), Karschia thallophila (Ohlert) Rehm, Lecidea aequata var. depauperata (Anzi) Stizenb., Lecidea disciformis var. myriocarpa (DC.) Nyl., Lecidea myriocarpa (DC.) Röhl., Lecidea myriocarpa f. areolata Leight., Lecidea myriocarpa f. ecrustacea Leight., Lecidea myriocarpa f. leprosa Leight., Lecidea myriocarpa f. myriocarpa (DC.) Röhl., Lecidea myriocarpa f. opegraphina Leight., Lecidea myriocarpa f. punctata (Hoffm.) Vain., Lecidea parasema f. myriocarpa (DC.) Ach., Lecidea parasema f. punctata (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecidea parasema var. myriocarpa (DC.) Ach., Lecidea parasema var. punctata (Hoffm.) Ach., Lecidea praecavenda Nyl. ex Cromb., Lecidea punctata (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea punctata var. punctata (Hoffm.) Flörke, Lecidea thallophila (Ohlert) Ohlert, Lecidella thallophila Ohlert, Lichen myriocarpus (DC.) Lam., Patellaria myriocarpa DC., Patellaria parasema var. myriocarpa (DC.) Duby, Patellaria parasema var. punctata (Hoffm.) Duby, Rinodina aequata f. depauperata (Anzi) H. Olivier, Verrucaria punctata Hoffm., Verrucaria punctata var. punctata Hoffm.]
[Buellia disciformis var. subduplicata Vain., Buellia subduplicata (Vain.) Kalb]
source: Marbach (2000)
source: Marbach (2000)
source: Fryday & Coppins (2008)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko & Braun (2013)
[Sphaeria bufonia Berk. & Broome]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Perlmutter et al. (2017)
source: Seavey et al. (2014)
[Huilia consentiens (Nyl.) Hertel, Lecidea consentiens Nyl., Lecidea scutulata Stirt.]
[Huilia elegantior (H. Magn.) Hertel, Lecidea elegantior H. Magn.]
[Biatora panaeola (Ach.) Fr., Huilia panaeola (Ach.) Hertel, Lecidea panaeola Ach., Lecidea panaeola f. elegans Th. Fr., Lecidea panaeola f. obliterata Leight., Lecidea panaeola f. panaeola Ach., Lecidea panaeola f. subconsentiens Leight., Lecidea panaeola f. vulgaris Th. Fr., Lecidea panaeola var. panaeola Ach.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Biatora panaeola
[Amygdalaria pelobotrya (Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Norman, Aspicilia athroocarpa (Sm. & Sowerby) Mudd, Aspicilia pelobotrya Wahlenb., Aspicilia pelobotrya var. gyrocarpa Savicz, Aspicilia pelobotrya var. pelobotrya (Wahlenb.) Th. Fr., Lecanora pelobotrya (Wahlenb.) Sommerf., Lecidea pelobotrya (Wahlenb.) Leight., Lecidea pelobotrya f. obliterata (Leight.) I.M. Lamb, Lecidea pelobotrya f. pelobotrya (Wahlenb.) Leight., Lecidea pelobotrya f. subconsentiens (Leight.) I.M. Lamb, Lichen pelobotryus Wahlenb., Parmelia pelobotrya (Wahlenb.) Hepp, Urceolaria pelobotryon Wahlenb.]
[Lecidea pulcherrima Vain., Psora pulcherrima (Vain.) Elenkin, Psora pulcherrima var. elegantula Elenkin, Psora pulcherrima var. pulcherrima (Vain.) Elenkin]
[Anaptychia stippaea (Ach.) Nádv.]
[Borrera crinalis Schleich. ex Schaer., Physcia ciliaris var. crinalis (Torss.) Schaer.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Physcia ciliaris var. crinalis
[Physcia elbursiana (Szatala) Szatala, Physcia grisea var. elbursiana Szatala, Physconia thomsonii Essl.]
[Anaptychia aquila auct. N.Americ. non (Ach.) A. Massal., Anaptychia palmatula (Michx.) Vain., Physcia detonsa (Fr.) Nyl., Psoroma palmulata Michx.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syns. Physcia detonsa, Psoroma palmulata
[Anaptychia desertorum (Rupr.) Poelt, Anaptychia ulothricoides f. ulothricoides (Vain.) Vain., Parmelia desertorum Rupr., Parmelia desertorum f. desertorum Rupr., Parmelia desertorum f. elegans (Mereschk.) Gyeln., Parmelia desertorum f. minuscula (Savicz) Gyeln., Parmelia desertorum f. neodesertorum Gyeln., Parmelia desertorum f. neovagans Gyeln., Parmelia desertorum f. subflabellata (J. Steiner) Gyeln., Physcia desertorum (P. Rupr.) Savicz]
[Lepraria moroziana Lendemer]
source: Hodkinson & Lendemer (2013)
[Anema prodigula (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, Omphalaria prodigula Nyl., Thyrea prodigula (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
source: Schultz (2002a)
[Ditremis albiseda (Nyl.) R.C. Harris, Verrucaria viridiseda f. albiseda Nyl.]
[Arthopyrenia ambigua Zahlbr., Ditremis ambigua (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris]
[Anisomeridium feeanum (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris, Arthopyrenia anisoloba Müll.Arg., Ditremis anisoloba (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris]
[Ditremis macrospora R. C. Harris non Makhija & Patwardhan]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Arthopyrenia carinthiaca J. Steiner, Arthopyrenia dimidiata Fink, Ditremis carinthiaca (J. Steiner) R.C. Harris, Paraphysothele carinthiaca (J. Steiner) Keissl.]
[Arthopyrenia distans (Willey) Zahlbr., Ditremis distans (Willey) R.C. Harris]
[Anisomeridium sanfordense (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris, Arthopyrenia sanfordensis Zahlbr., Ditremis sanfordensis (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Ditremis finkii R.C. Harris]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Arthopyrenia leucochlora Müll.Arg., Ditremis leucochlora (Müll. Arg.) R.C. Harris]
[Anisomeridium juistense (Erichsen) R.C. Harris, Anisomeridium nyssigenum (Ellis & Everh.) R.C. Harris, Anisomeridium willeyanum (R.C. Harris) R.C. Harris, Apiospora polypori Ellis & Everh., Arthopyrenia willeyana R.C. Harris, Ditremis nyssogena [as 'nyssaegena'] (Ellis & Everh.) R.C. Harris 1990, Paraphysothele juistensis (Erichsen) Servít, Thelidium juistense Erichsen, Zignoëlla nyssogena Ellis & Everh.]
source: Barr et al. (1996)
source: Harris (1995a), Aptroot (1997)
[Ditremis quaternaria R.C. Harris]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Arthopyrenia subnexa (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Verrucaria subnexa Nyl.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Arthopyrenia subprostans (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Ditremis subprostans (Nyl.) R.C. Harris, Leiophloea subprostans (Nyl.) Trevis., Pyrenula subprostans (Nyl.) Tuck., Verrucaria subprostans Nyl.]
[Ditremis tamarindi (Fée) R.C. Harris, Leiophloea tamarindi (Fée) Trevis., Porina tamarindi (Fée) Müll.Arg., Verrucaria tamarindi Fée]
[Arthopyrenia anacardii Vain., Arthopyrenia terminata (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., Ditremis terminata (Nyl.) R.C. Harris, Pleurotrema anacardii (Vain.) R.C. Harris, Tomasellia queenslandica Müll.Arg., Verrucaria terminata Nyl.]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Anisomeridium tuckeri R.C. Harris, Ditremis tuckerae (R.C. Harris) R.C. Harris]
[Digraphis turbulenta (Nyl.) Clem., Graphis turbulenta Nyl.]
source: Staiger (2002)
[Anthracothecium nanum (Zahlbr.) R.C. Harris, Pleurotheliopsis australiensis (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr., Pleurothelium australiense Müll. Arg.]
source: Aptroot (2012)
[Anthracothecium leucostomum (Ach.) Malme, Anthracothecium libricola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Anthracothecium libricola f. libricola (Fée) Müll.Arg., Bottaria libricola (Fée) Vain., Bottaria libricola f. libricola (Fée) Vain., Parmentaria rappii Zahlbr., Pyrenula leucostoma Ach., Pyrenula libricola Fée, Pyrenula pachycheila Tuck., Verrucaria leucostoma (Ach.) Mont., Verrucaria libricola (Fée) Nyl.]
source: Tuckerman (1872)
[Acrorixis prasina (Eschw.) Trevis., Trypethelium pallidum C. Knight, Verrucaria prasina Eschw.]
[Lichen colpodes Ach., Parmelia colpodes (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia colpodes var. colpodes (Ach.) Ach., Parmelia colpodes var. sphaeroidispora F. Wilson, Parmelia cristulata Ach.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Parmelia cristulata
[Anzia japonica var. ornata Zahlbr.]
[Gyalolechia carneonivea Anzi, Pertusaria carneonivea (Anzi) Vain., Pertusaria carneonivea var. carneonivea (Anzi) Vain., Pertusaria carneonivea var. tauriscorum (Zahlbr.) Erichsen, Varicellaria carneonivea (Anzi) Erichsen, Varicellaria carneonivea var. carneonivea (Anzi) Erichsen, Varicellaria carneonivea var. tauriscorum (Zahlbr.) Erichsen]
source: Goward et al. (1996)
source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Cetraria andrejevii Oksner, Cetraria simmonsii Krog]
[Cetraria elenkinii Krog, Cetraria nigricascens (Nyl.) Elenkin, Cetraria nigricascens var. nigricascens (Nyl.) Elenkin, Cetraria nigricascens var. tominii Rass., Cetraria siberica, Cetraria sibirica H. Magn., Platysma nigricascens Nyl.]
[Pannaria delicatula (Th. Fr.) Nyl., Pannularia delicatula (Th. Fr.) Cromb., Placynthium delicatulum (Th. Fr.) A.L. Sm.]
[Arctoparmelia aleuritica (Nyl.) Hale, Imbricaria centrifuga (L.) DC., Lichen centrifugus L., Parmelia aleuritica Nyl., Parmelia caperata var. rugosa (Wallr.) Maas Geest., Parmelia centrifuga (L.) Ach., Parmelia centrifuga f. alpestris Räsänen, Parmelia centrifuga f. centrifuga (L.) Ach., Parmelia centrifuga f. dealbata Th. Fr., Parmelia centrifuga f. lignicola Räsänen, Parmelia centrifuga f. microphylla Rass., Parmelia centrifuga f. palmata Oxner, Parmelia centrifuga f. viridescens Gyeln., Parmelia centrifuga var. centrifuga (L.) Ach., Parmelia centrifuga var. groenlandica (Lynge) Lynge, Parmelia centrifuga var. monticola Räsänen, Parmelia centrifuga var. muscivaga Nyl., Parmelia centrifuga var. nigrita Flot., Parmelia centrifuga var. rugosa Wallr., Parmelia halseyana Tuck., Xanthoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale]
[Imbricaria incurva (Pers.) DC., Imbricaria incurva f. incurva (Pers.) DC., Imbricaria incurva f. nigrita (Flot.) Flot., Lichen incurvus Pers., Lobaria incurva (Pers.) Ach., Parmelia incurva Pers., Parmelia incurva f. incurva (Pers.) Fr., Parmelia incurva f. lignicola Räsänen, Parmelia multifida Schaer., Placodium incurvum (Pers.) Frege, Xanthoparmelia incurva (Pers.) Hale]
[Parmelia birulae var. grumosa Llano, Parmelia separata Th. Fr., Xanthoparmelia separata (Th. Fr.) Hale]
[Parmelia subcentrifuga Oksner, Xanthoparmelia subcentrifuga (Oksner) Hale]
[Myriolecis thuleana (Poelt) Śliwa, Zhao Xin & Lumbsch]
[Agaricus peltigerinus Peck, Cantharellus peltigerae Velen., Clitocybe peltigerina (Peck) Sacc., Omphalina cupulatoides P.D. Orton, Omphalina peltigerina (Peck) P. Collin]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Redhead et al. (2002)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Lendemer et al. (2016c)
[Arthonia stictella Stizenb.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
[Arthothelium albovirescens (Nyl.) Fink]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko (2013)
source: Hodkinson et al. (2009), Lendemer et al. (2009c)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Kondratyuk (1996)
[Catenata antillarum (Fée) Bat., Coniocarpon antillarum Fée]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Allarthonia apatetica (A. Massal.) Lettau, Arthonia exilis var. apatetica (A. Massal.) J. Nowak, Catillaria apatetica A. Massal., Coniangium apateticum (A. Massal.) A. Massal.]
[Arthonia aspera Leight., Arthonia aspersa Leight., Patellaria arthonioides (Ach.) Balb., Trachylia arthonioides (Ach.) Fr.]
[Graphis atra (Pers.) Spreng., Graphis atra var. atra (Pers.) Spreng., Graphis stenocarpa (Ach.) Spreng., Hysterina denigrata (Ach.) Gray, Hysterina nimbosa (Sm.) Gray, Opegrapha atra Pers., Opegrapha atra f. atra Pers., Opegrapha atra f. cerasi (Chevall.) Arnold, Opegrapha atra f. nigrata Leight., Opegrapha atra f. platanoides Nyl., Opegrapha atra f. reticulata (DC.) J. Nowak, Opegrapha atra f. rimosa (DC.) J. Nowak, Opegrapha atra f. simplicior Nyl., Opegrapha atra f. stenocarpa (Ach.) J. Nowak, Opegrapha atra f. tenuior Nyl. ex Leight., Opegrapha atra var. abbreviata Körb., Opegrapha atra var. arthonioidea Leight., Opegrapha atra var. atra Pers., Opegrapha atra var. cubana B. de Lesd., Opegrapha atra var. denigrata (Ach.) Schaer., Opegrapha atra var. euphorbiae Vězda, Opegrapha atra var. hapalea (Ach.) Nyl., Opegrapha atra var. nigrata Leight. ex Mudd, Opegrapha atra var. parallela Leight. ex Mudd, Opegrapha atra var. phoenicicola Jatta, Opegrapha atra var. rimosa (DC.) Zahlbr., Opegrapha atra var. stenocarpa (Ach.) Dufour, Opegrapha denigrata Ach., Opegrapha hapalea (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha nimbosa Sm., Opegrapha rimosa DC., Opegrapha stenocarpa Ach., Opegrapha stenocarpa var. hapalea Ach., Opegrapha stenocarpa var. stenocarpa Ach., Opegrapha vulgata f. stenocarpa (Ach.) Leight.]
source: Ertz et al. (2009)
[Arthonia varia var. atrata (Fée) Nyl., Graphis atrata Fée]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Ihlen et al. (2004b)
[Hysterina calcarea (Turner ex Sm.) Gray, Opegrapha atra f. heteromorpha Stizenb., Opegrapha atrula Nyl., Opegrapha atrula var. atrula Nyl., Opegrapha atrula var. hysteriiformis (Nyl.) Cromb., Opegrapha calcarea Turner ex Sm. & Sowerby, Opegrapha calcarea var. calcarea Turner ex Sm., Opegrapha calcarea var. chevallieri (Leight.) H. Olivier, Opegrapha calcarea var. heteromorpha (Stizenb.) Watson{?}, Opegrapha chevallieri Leight., Opegrapha chevallieri f. agglomerata Sandst., Opegrapha chevallieri f. chevallieri Leight., Opegrapha chevallieri f. heteromorpha (Stizenb.) Hepp ex Nyl., Opegrapha chevallieri var. agglomerata Sandst., Opegrapha chevallieri var. chevallieri Leight., Opegrapha chevallieri var. heteromorpha (Stizenb.) Hepp ex Nyl., Opegrapha chevallieri var. incarnata Riddle, Opegrapha decandollei (Stizenb.) Arnold, Opegrapha saxicola var. decandollei Stizenb.]
source: Ertz et al. (2009)
[Graphis caribaea Ach., Ustalia caribaea (Ach.) Mont.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates
[Arthonia polydactylonis Diederich & Ertz]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Etayo & Breuss (1998)
[Arthonia cinnabarina f. concolor (Turner) Leight., Arthonia cinnabarina f. dubia (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Arthonia cinnabarina f. kermesina (Schaer.) Nyl., Arthonia cinnabarina f. microstigma (Turner & Borrer) Leight., Arthonia cinnabarina var. anerythrea Nyl., Arthonia cinnabarina var. astroidea (Leight.) Leight., Arthonia cinnabarina var. coccinea (Flörke) Zahlbr., Arthonia cinnabarina var. kermesina (Schaer.) Nyl., Arthonia cinnabarina var. marginata (Turner) Mudd, Arthonia cinnabarina var. nudata (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Arthonia cinnabarina var. pruinata Delise, Arthonia cinnabarina var. purpurea (Eschw.) Zahlbr., Arthonia cinnabarina var. tumidula (Ach.) Wallr., Arthonia cinnabarina var. tumidulla (Ach.) Wallr., Arthonia gregaria (Weigel) Körb., Arthonia gregaria f. concolor (Turner) Willey, Arthonia gregaria f. gregaria Fée, Arthonia gregaria var. adspersa (Mont.) Müll. Arg., Arthonia gregaria var. anerythrea Nyl., Arthonia gregaria var. astroidea (Leight.) Mudd, Arthonia gregaria var. cuspidans A.L. Sm., Arthonia gregaria var. dubia (Turner & Borrer) Mudd, Arthonia gregaria var. gregaria Fée, Arthonia gregaria var. kermesina (Schaer.) Willey, Arthonia gregaria var. marginata (Turner) Mudd, Arthonia gregaria var. nudata Müll. Arg., Arthonia gregaria var. obscura (Schaer.) Körb., Arthonia gregaria var. pruinata Nyl., Arthonia gregaria var. purpurea (Eschw.) Müll.Arg., Arthonia gregaria var. rufomaculata Räsänen, Arthonia gregaria var. substellata Müll. Arg., Arthonia tumidula (Ach.) Ach., Arthonia tumidula f. astroidea (Leight.) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula f. concolor (Turner) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula f. glabra (A. Massal.) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula f. kermesina (Schaer.) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula f. opegraphoides (A. Massal.) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula f. opegraphoies (A. Massal.) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula f. tumidula (Ach.) Ach., Arthonia tumidula var. coccinea (Flörke) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula var. rubra (Pers.) J. Nowak, Arthonia tumidula var. tumidula (Ach.) Ach., Coniocarpon cinnabarinum DC., Conioloma coccineum Flörke, Sphaeria gregaria Weigel, Spiloma tumidula Ach., Trachylia gregaria (Weigel) Vain.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Villella & Sheehy (2015)
[Conida clemens (Tul.) A. Massal., Phacopsis clemens Tul., Tomaselliella clemens (Tul.) Cif.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Lendemer & Harris (2012)
source: Hansen & Dute (2005)
source: Seavey & Seavey (2012)
[Coniocarpon confertum Fée]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Lendemer & Harris (2012)
source: Lendemer et al. (2009c)
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates
[Arthothelium dictyosporum (Coppins & P. James) Coppins, Arthothelium ilicinum var. dictyosporum Coppins & P. James]
source: McCune (2017)
[Arthonia aspersella Leight., Arthonia atrofuscella Nyl., Opegrapha didyma (Körb.) M. Choisy]
[Arthonia willeyi Tuck.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Knudsen & Lendemer (2007)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Grube (2007), Lendemer et al. (2009b)
[Arthonia dispersa f. dispersa Dufour, Arthonia dispersa f. stellulata (B. de Lesd.) Redinger, Arthonia dispersa f. subparalella Szatala, Arthonia dispersa f. subparallela Szatala, Arthonia dispersa var. dispersa Dufour, Naevia dispersa (Schrad.) Thiyagaraja, Lücking & K.D. Hyde, Opegrapha dispersa Schrad., Tomaselliella dispersa (Schrad.) Cif., Xerodiscus rechingeri Petr.]
[Biatorina epicladonia (Nyl.) Arnold, Catillaria epicladonia (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Lecidea epicladonia Nyl., Scutula epicladonia (Nyl.) Zopf, Zhurbenkoa epicladonia (Nyl.) Flakus, Etayo, Pérez-Ortega & Rodr. Flakus]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko & Alstrup (2004)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Goward et al. (1996)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), Hafellner et al. (2002)
[Abrothallus exilis (Flörke) A. Massal., Allarthonia exilis (Flörke) Sandst., Coniangium exile (Flörke) Arnold, Lecidea synothea var. exilis Flörke]
[Celidium farinaceum (H. Olivier) Lettau, Melaspilea farinacea H. Olivier, Mycobilimbia farinacea (H. Olivier) Vouaux]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Diederich (2003)
[Arthonia fissurina Nyl.]
[Arthonia astroidea var. fuliginosa (Turner & Borrer) Boistel, Lecanactis fuliginosa (Turner & Borrer) Arnold, Leprantha fuliginosa (Turner & Borrer) Körb., Pachnolepia fuliginosa (Turner & Borrer) Arnold, Spiloma fuliginosum Turner & Borrer]
[Biatorina epiphorbia (Stirt.) Arnold, Celidium fuscopurpureum Tul., Karschia epiphorbia (Leight.) Zopf, Lecidea epiphorbia Leight., Scutula fuscopurpurea (Tul.) Rehm]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), Alstrup & Cole (1998)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Spribille et al. (2010)
[Arthonia galactitella Nyl.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
source: Lendemer & Ray (2017)
source: Harris (1977)
[Arthonia hodgesii R.C. Harris & Lendemer, Synarthonia hodgesii (Lendemer & R.C. Harris) Van den Broeck & Ertz]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): Arthonia hodgesii = Synarthonia hodgesii, source: Lendemer et al. (2016c)
[Allarthonia hypobela (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Arthonia punctiformis var. hypobela (Nyl.) Boistel]
source: Seavey et al. (2017)
[Arthothelium ilicinum (Taylor) P. James, Arthothelium ilicinum var. ilicinum (Taylor) P. James]
source: Egea & Torrente (1995)
[Arthothelium ferax Müll.Arg., Arthothelium interveniens (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Arthonia parasemoides Nyl., Celidium varians f. parasemoides (Nyl.) Arnold]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Coniarthonia kermesina (R.C. Harris, E. Tripp & Lendemer) Aptroot & Ertz]
source: Lendemer et al. (2013)
[Allarthonia lapidicola (Taylor) Zahlbr., Allarthonia lapidicola var. fusca (A. Massal.) Redinger, Allarthonia lapidicola var. lapidicola (Taylor) Zahlbr., Allarthonia lapidicola var. macrocarpa B. de Lesd., Allarthonia lapidicola var. ruderella (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Arthonia fusca (A. Massal.) Hepp, Catillaria ooliticola Walt. Watson, Coniangium lapidicola (Taylor) Arnold, Lecidea lapidicola Taylor]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Grube (2007)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Alstrup & Cole (1998)
source: Spribille & Björk (2008)
[Plectocarpon linitae (R. Sant.) Wedin & Hafellner]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Esslinger & Egan (1995)
[Arthothelium ilicinum var. reagens Coppins & P. James, Arthothelium macounii (G. Merr.) W. Noble, Arthothelium reagens (Coppins & P. James) Coppins & P. James]
source: Kocourková et al. (2008)
[Arthothelium macrothecum (Fée) A. Massal.]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
source: Egea & Torrente (1995)
[Opegrapha mediella (Nyl.) M. Choisy]
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
source: Seavey et al. (2017)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Bryostigma molendoi (Heufl. ex Arnold) S.Y. Kondr. & Hur, Conida clemens f. molendoi (Heufl. ex Arnold) Arnold, Tichothecium molendoi Heufl. ex Arnold]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Alstrup & Cole (1998), Hafellner et al. (2002)
[Arthonia patellulata var. nephromiaria (Arnold) Nyl., Celidium nephromiarium (Nyl. ex Arnold) P. Karst., Conida nephromiaria Nyl. ex Arnold, Melaspileella nephromiaria (Nyl. ex Arnold) Boud.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Arthothelium norvegicum Coppins & Tønsberg]
source: McCune (2017)
source: Seavey & Seavey (2012)
source: Fink (1935), Esslinger & Tucker (2009)
[Arthoniopsis palmulacea Müll.Arg., Eremothecella palmulacea (Müll.Arg.) Serus.]
[Allarthonia patellulata (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
[Arthonia peltigerea Th. Fr., Scutula peltigerae (Th. Fr.) Rehm]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Hafellner et al. (2002)
[Allarthonia peltigerina (Almq.) H. Magn., Arthonia vagans var. peltigerina Almq., Bryostigma peltigerinum (Almq.) S.Y. Kondr. & Hur]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Allarthonia phaeobaea (Norman) Zahlbr., Arthonia paralia Nyl., Segestrella phaeobaea Norman]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Hafellner et al. (2002)
[Naevia pinastri (Anzi) Thiyagaraja, Lücking & K.D. Hyde]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates
[Arthonia protoparmeliopseos Etayo & Diederich]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2015)
[Arthothelium pruinascens Zahlbr.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
[Arthonia astroidea f. fraxinea Bagl., Arthonia atomaria A. Massal., Arthonia insinuata Stirt., Arthonia melantera Ach., Arthonia oleandri Rabenh., Arthonia populina f. microscopica (Ehrh.) Arnold, Arthonia populina f. oleandri (Rabenh.) Arnold, Arthonia populina f. populina A. Massal., Arthonia punctiformis f. atomaria (A. Massal.) Arnold, Arthonia punctiformis f. fraxinea (Bagl.) Redinger, Arthonia punctiformis f. oleandri (Rabenh.) Redinger, Arthonia punctiformis f. parallelula Norman, Arthonia punctiformis f. protracta Norman, Arthonia punctiformis f. punctiformis Ach., Arthonia punctiformis f. quadriseptata Ohlert, Arthonia punctiformis f. stenospora (Müll. Arg.) Redinger, Arthonia punctiformis subsp. parallelula Norman, Arthonia punctiformis subsp. punctiformis Ach., Arthonia punctiformis var. populina (A. Massal.) Sacc. & Traverso, Arthonia punctiformis var. punctiformis Ach., Arthonia quadriseptata (Ohlert) Lettau, Naevia atomaria (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Naevia orbicularis Fr., Naevia populina (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Naevia punctiformis (Ach.) A. Massal., Opegrapha microscopica Sm., Pseudoarthonia punctiformis (Beltr.) Marchand]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates
[Arthonia astroidea Ach., Arthonia astroidea f. astroidea Ach., Arthonia astroidea f. cembrae Arnold, Arthonia astroidea f. parallela Harm., Arthonia astroidea var. astroidea Ach., Arthonia astroidea var. simulans Leight., Arthonia astroidea var. swartziana (Ach.) Sacc., Arthonia cinnabarina var. opegraphina (Ach.) Leight., Arthonia radiata f. astroidea (Ach.) Ach., Arthonia radiata var. opegraphina Ach., Arthonia radiata var. parallela (Harm.) Zahlbr., Arthonia radiata var. radiata (Pers.) Ach., Arthonia radiata var. swartziana (Ach.) Almq., Arthonia swartziana Ach., Arthonia swartziana var. cinerascens Ach., Arthonia swartziana var. swartziana Ach., Arthonia vulgaris var. astroidea (Ach.) Schaer., Graphis atra var. astroidea (Ach.) Spreng., Lichen astroites Ach., Opegrapha astroidea (Ach.) Ach., Opegrapha atra var. astroidea (Ach.) Schaer., Opegrapha atra var. obscura, Opegrapha atra var. swartziana (Ach.) Schaer., Opegrapha gregaria var. radiata (Pers.) M. Choisy, Opegrapha radiata Pers., Opegrapha radiata f. cinerascens (Ach.) M. Choisy, Opegrapha radiata f. radiata Pers., Opegrapha radiata var. astroidea (Ach.) Fingerh., Opegrapha radiata var. cinerascens (Ach.) M. Choisy, Opegrapha radiata var. radiata Pers., Opegrapha radiata var. subparallela (Müll. Arg.) M. Choisy, Opegrapha radiata var. swartziana (Ach.) M. Choisy, Opegrapha swartziana (Ach.) Hepp]
source: Grube (2007)
[Arthonia obscura var. reniformis (Pers.) Ach., Arthonia reniformis f. reniformis (Pers.) Röhl., Lichen reniformis (Pers.) Ach., Opegrapha obscura var. reniformis (Pers.) Ach., Opegrapha reniformis Pers.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
[Graphis rubella Fée]
[Coniocarpon rubrocinctum Perlmutter, R. Miranda & Bungartz]
source: Grube & Lendemer (2009)
source: Lendemer & Ray (2017)
[Arthothelium sanguineum (Willey) Zahlbr.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
source: Fink (1935), Esslinger & Tucker (2009)
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
source: Lücking et al. (2011b)
[Arthonia lurida Ach. nom. rej., Arthonia lurida f. lurida Ach., Arthonia lurida var. lurida Ach., Arthonia lurida var. spadicea (Leight.) Nyl., Arthonia lurida var. vulgaris (Fr.) Almq., Arthonia spadicea var. convexula Erichsen, Arthonia spadicea var. spadicea Leight., Arthonia spadicea var. subspadicea (Nyl.) Redinger, Coniangium luridum (Ach.) Körb., Coniangium spadiceum (Leight.) Arnold, Coniangium spadiceum var. luridofuscum Arnold, Coniangium spadiceum var. spadiceum (Leight.) Arnold, Coniocarpon spadiceum (Leight.) Arnold, Diarthonis spadicea (Leight.) Frisch, Ertz, Coppins & P.F. Cannon, Opegrapha spadicea (Leight.) M. Choisy]
[Arthonia cinnabarina var. speciosa (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr., Arthonia gregaria var. speciosa Müll. Arg.]
source: Grube (2007)
[Arthonia nephromiaria var. stereocaulina Ohlert]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Zhurbenko (2010)
source: Lendemer et al. (2016c)
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates
source: McMullin et al. (2017)
[Microthelia subfuscicola Linds.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
source: Lendemer et al. (2013)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Seavey et al. (2017)
[Arthonia dispersa var. tetramera Stizenb.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Grube (2007)
[Coniocarpon tuckermanianum (Willey) Van den Broeck & Ertz]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): Arthonia tuckermaniana = Coniocarpon tuckermanianum, source: Van den Broeck et al. 2018
[Arthonia varia var. varia (Ach.) Nyl., Opegrapha abnormis var. varia Ach.]
[Arthonia glaucomaria Nyl., Celidium varians (Davies) Arnold, Celidium varians f. varians (Davies) Arnold, Celidium varians subsp. elfvingii Räsänen, Celidium varians subsp. varians (Davies) Arnold, Celidium varians var. intextum Almq., Celidium varians var. varians (Davies) Arnold, Lecanora glaucoma subsp. varians (Davies) Ach., Lecanora rimosa var. varians (Davies) Hepp ex Müll. Arg., Lecanora varians (Davies) Röhl., Lichen varians Davies, Parmelia glaucoma subsp. varians (Davies) Ach., Zeora glaucoma f. varians (Davies) Flot.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Hawksworth (2003)
[Arthonia lurida f. vinosa (Leight.) Zahlbr., Arthonia pineti Körb., Arthonia pineti var. pineti Körb., Arthonia pineti var. sapineti (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Arthonia vinosa var. pineti (Körb.) Leight., Lecidea emphysa Stirt.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens), source: Kocourková (2009)
[Arthopyrenia analeptella (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia epidermidis var. fallax (Nyl.) Mudd, Arthopyrenia fallax (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia fallax f. crataegi (A. Massal.) Szatala, Arthopyrenia fallax f. crataeginea J. Steiner, Arthopyrenia fallax f. fallax (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia fallax var. conspurcata J. Steiner, Arthopyrenia fallax var. fallax (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthopyrenia fallax var. ligustri (A. Massal.) Keissl., Arthopyrenia lapponina Anzi, Arthopyrenia punctiformis f. analepta (Ach.) Keissl., Cercidospora analepta (Ach.) Kuntze, Ciferriolichen lapponinum (Anzi) Tomas., Didymella analepta (Ach.) Sacc., Didymella fallax (Nyl.) Vain., Didymella fallax var. crataegi (A. Massal.) Vain., Didymella fallax var. fallax (Nyl.) Vain., Didymella punctiformis f. analepta (Ach.) Vain., Leiophloea analepta (Ach.) Gray, Leiophloea fallax (Nyl.) Riedl, Lichen analeptus Ach., Mycarthopyrenia lapponina (Anzi) Keissl., Polyblastiopsis fallax (Nyl.) Fink, Pseudosagedia fallax (Nyl.) Oxner, Pyrenyllium analeptum (Ach.) Clem., Segestrella analepta (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Verrucaria analepta (Ach.) Ach., Verrucaria analepta var. americana Ach., Verrucaria analepta var. analepta (Ach.) Ach., Verrucaria analeptella Nyl., Verrucaria epidermidis var. analepta (Ach.) Hook. f., Verrucaria epidermidis var. fallax Nyl., Verrucaria fallax (Nyl.) Nyl., Verrucaria lapponina (Anzi) Stizenb.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Harris (1995a), Aptroot (2002a)
[Arthopyrenia crombiei A.L. Sm., Endophis cerasi (Schrad.) Norman, Metasphaeria cerasi (Schrad.) Vain., Opegrapha cerasi (Schrad.) Flörke, Pseudosagedia cerasi (Schrad.) M. Choisy, Pyrenula cerasi (Schrad.) Trevis., Spermatodium cerasi (Schrad.) Trevis., Verrucaria cerasi Schrad.]
[Arthopyrenia pinicola (Hepp) A. Massal., Didymella cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) Szatala, Leiophloea cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) Trevis., Pseudosagedia cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) Makar., Verrucaria cinereopruinosa Schaer.]
source: Harris (1995a)
[Porina plumbaria (Stizenb.) Hasse, Pyrenula herrei Fink ex J. Hedrick]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates
[Metasphaeria subcerasi (Vain.) Vain., Mycarthopyrenia subcerasi (Vain.) Keissl., Verrucaria subcerasi Vain.]
+ = saprophytic fungi related to either lichens or lichenicolous fungi, on various substrates, source: Spribille et al. (2010)
source: Harris (1995a)
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Tricharia planicarpa Lücking]
A tentative report., source: Lücking et al. (2007)
[Arthonia abnormis (Ach.) Nyl., Arthothelium abnorme f. abnorme (Ach.) Müll. Arg., Opegrapha abnormis Ach., Opegrapha abnormis var. abnormis Ach.]
[Arthonia norvegica (Coppins & Tønsberg) McCune]
source: Tønsberg & Williams (2006)
[Arthonia anastomosans Nyl., Arthonia anastomosans (Ach.) Nyl., Arthonia astroidea f. anastomosans (Ach.) Arnold, Arthonia astroidea var. anastomosans (Ach.) Ach., Arthonia orbillifera (Almq.) Willey, Arthonia radiata var. anastomosans Ach., Arthonia subastroidea subsp. orbillifera Almq., Arthonia vulgaris var. anastomosans (Ach.) Schaer., Arthothelium anastomosans (Ach.) Rehm nom. illegit., Mycoporum anastomosans (Nyl.) Branth & Rostr.]
[Arthonia rosacea Anzi, Arthonia ruana A. Massal., Arthonia ruanidea Nyl., Arthoniopsis ruana (A. Massal.) Trevis., Arthothelium dispersum (DC.) Mudd, Arthothelium dispersum f. dispersum (DC.) Mudd, Arthothelium dispersum f. ulcerosum Erichsen, Arthothelium dispersum var. dispersum (DC.) Mudd, Arthothelium dispersum var. olivaceum Erichsen, Arthothelium rosaceum (Anzi) Zahlbr., Arthothelium ruanideum (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthothelium ruanideum f. ruanideum (Nyl.) Arnold, Arthothelium ruanideum f. ulcerosum (Erichsen) Erichsen, Arthothelium ruanideum var. olivaceum (Erichsen) Erichsen, Arthothelium ruanideum var. ruanideum (Nyl.) Arnold, Dermatina ruanidea (Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
[Arthonia spectabilis Flot.]
[Arthonia subcyrtodes Willey]
[Arthonia violascens Flot. ex Nyl., Arthothelium violascens var. violascens (Flot. ex Nyl.) Zahlbr.]
* = lichenicolous fungi (parasites on living lichens)
[Arthrorhaphis citrinella var. alpina (Schaer.) Poelt, Bacidia alpina (Schaer.) Vain., Bacidia citrinella subsp. alpina (Schaer.) J.R. Laundon, Bacidia flavovirescens var. alpina (Schaer.) A.L. Sm., Lecidea flavovirescens var. alpina Schaer.]
[Arthrorhaphis flavovirescens (A. Massal.) Th. Fr., Bacidia citrinella (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Bacidia citrinella subsp. citrinella (Ach.) Branth & Rostr., Bacidia citrinella var. alpina (Schaer.) Boistel, Bacidia citrinella var. arenicola (Nyl.) Poelt, Bacidia flavovirescens (A. Massal.) Anzi, Bacidia flavovirescens var. flavovirescens (Dicks.) Anzi, Catolechia flavovirescens (A. Massal.) Flot., Lecanactis citrinella (Ach.) H. Olivier, Lecidea citrinella (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea citrinella f. citrinella (Ach.) Ach., Lecidea flavovirescens Borrer nom. illegit., Lecidea flavovirescens var. flavovirescens (Dicks.) Borrer, Lichen citrinellus Ach., Mycobacidia citrinella (Ach.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth., Mycobacidia flavovirescens (A. Massal.) Rehm, Pragmopora flavovirescens (A. Massal.) J. Schröt., Raphiospora flavovirescens A. Massal., Scoliciosporum flavovirescens (A. Massal.) Jatta, Secoliga flavovirescens (A. Massal.) Stizenb., Skolekites citrinellus (Ach.) Norman]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Lecidea flavovirescens
[Bacidia arenicola (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Bacidia flavovirescens var. arenicola (Nyl.) A.L. Sm., Bacidia fuscoreagens (Vain.) H. Olivier, Gongylia sabuletorum (Fr.) Stein, Gongylia viridis A.L. Sm., Lahmia fueistingii Körb., Lecidea arenicola Nyl., Lecidea citrinella f. arenicola (Nyl.) Nyl., Lecidea fuscoreagens Vain., Mycobacidia arenicola (Nyl.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Raphiospora arenicola (Nyl.) Mudd, Raphiospora grisea (Th. Fr.) Arnold, Sagedia sabuletorum (Fr.) A. Massal., Segestria sabuletorum (Fr.) Trevis., Verrucaria epigaea var. sabuletorum Fr., Verrucaria sabuletorum (Fr.) Fr.]
# = various fungi of uncertain status: e.g.: those which are questionably or weakly lichen-forming; or algicolous/saprophytic; or parasitic when young but saprophytic or lichen-forming when mature; or lichenicolous lichens.
[Arthrosporum accline (Flot.) A. Massal., Bacidia acclinis (Flot.) Zahlbr., Bacidia populorum Trevis., Lecidea acclinis Flot., Toninia populorum (A.Massal.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Lecidea acclinis
[Cetraria chrysantha Tuck., Cetraria chrysantha f. chrysantha Tuck., Cetraria chrysantha f. cinerascens Asahina, Cetraria chrysantha f. glaucescens Oxner & Rass., Cetraria chrysantha f. pigmentulata Trass, Cetraria chrysantha f. sorediifera Savicz, Cetraria chrysantha var. chrysantha Tuck., Cetraria chrysantha var. komarovii (Elenkin) Räsänen, Platysma chrysanthum (Tuck.) Å.E. Dahl, Platysma septentrionale Nyl.]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Platysma septentrionale
[Lecanora albomarginata (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr., Lecanora albomarginata f. albomarginata (Nyl.) Cromb., Lecanora albomarginata f. arundinicola Gall]
[Lecanora alboradiata H. Magn.]
[Lecanora aliena Zahlbr.]
[Lecanora americana (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Lecanora aquatica (Körb.) Hepp, Lecanora aquatica f. aquatica (Körb.) Hepp, Lecanora aquatica f. flavescens H. Magn., Lecanora aquatica f. subochracea H. Magn., Lecanora aquatica var. aquatica (Körb.) Hepp, Lecanora aquatica var. eluta H. Magn., Pachyospora aquatica (Körb.) Arnold, Parmelia cinerea var. aquatica Fr.]
[Lecanora arctica Lynge]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007), Knudsen et al. (2008b)
[Aspicilia desertorum var. aspera Mereschk., Chlorangium asperum (Mereschk.) S.Y. Kondr., Gromakova & Khodos., Sphaerothallia aspera (Mereschk.) Follmann & A. Crespo]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
source: Knudsen et al. (2008b)
[Aspicilia mastoidea (Lynge) J.W. Thomson, Lecanora mastoidea Lynge]
source: Nordin et al. (2008)
source: Anderson & Lendemer (2016)
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Lecanora caesiopruinosa H. Magn.]
source: Rosentreter (1998)
[Aspicilia polychroma var. candida Anzi, Lecanora candida Harmand, Lecanora candida f. candida (Anzi) Nyl., Lecanora candida f. evanescens H. Magn., Lecanora candida var. candida (Anzi) Nyl.]
[Gussonea cinerea (L.) Tornab., Lecanora cinerea (L.) Sommerf., Lecanora cinerea f. athallina Nyl., Lecanora cinerea f. cinerea (L.) Sommerf., Lecanora cinerea f. flexuosa (Schaer.) Zahlbr., Lecanora cinerea f. incrassata Vain., Lecanora cinerea f. lepidota (Leight.) Leight., Lecanora cinerea f. macra Nyl., Lecanora cinerea f. pruinosa Vain., Lecanora cinerea f. tigrina (Hoffm.) Zahlbr., Lecanora cinerea f. virens Wahlenb., Lecanora cinerea subsp. cinerea (L.) Sommerf., Lecanora cinerea var. atroalba Räsänen, Lecanora cinerea var. caesiogrisea Vain., Lecanora cinerea var. chiodectonoides (Anzi) Jatta, Lecanora cinerea var. cinerea (L.) Sommerf., Lecanora cinerea var. contorta (Hoffm.) Hepp, Lecanora cinerea var. insularis Vain. ex Räsänen, Lecanora cinerea var. lepidota Leight., Lecanora cinerea var. obscurata Fr., Lecanora cinerea var. pandeis T.P. Brisson, Lecanora cinerea var. pumila (Räsänen) Cretz., Lecanora cinerea var. sallensis (Räsänen) Zahlbr., Lecanora cinerea var. subcretacea Nyl., Lecanora cinerea var. sublutescens Nyl., Parmelia cinerea (L.) Hepp, Parmelia cinerea var. cinerea (L.) Hepp, Psora cinerea (L.) Hampe, Urceolaria cinerea (L.) Ach., Urceolaria cinerea f. cinerea (L.) Ach., Urceolaria cinerea f. depressa Rabenh., Urceolaria cinerea f. flexuosa Schaer., Urceolaria cinerea f. patellaris Schaer., Urceolaria cinerea f. solitaria Rabenh., Urceolaria cinerea var. alba Schaer., Urceolaria cinerea var. atrocinerea Schaer., Urceolaria cinerea var. cinerea (L.) Ach., Urceolaria cinerea var. notata Ach., Urceolaria cinerea var. vulgaris Schaer., Zeora cinerea (L.) Flot.]
[Lecanora cingulata Zahlbr.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007), Knudsen et al. (2008b)
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Lecanora disserpens (Zahlbr.) H. Magn.]
source: Rosentreter (1998)
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Lecanora glaucopsina Nyl.]
source: Knudsen (2005b), Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Aspicilia insolata (H. Magn.) Hav., Lecanora insolata H. Magn.]
source: Fryday (2001)
[Lecanora heteroplaca Zahlbr.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Aspicilia lusca (Nyl.) B. de Lesd., Aspicilia sylvatica Arnold, Lecanora cinerea var. laevata (Ach.)Tuck., Lecanora laevata (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora laevata f. laevata (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora laevata f. obscurata H. Magn., Lecanora laevata f. pallidior H. Magn., Lecanora laevata f. sylvatica (Arnold) H. Magn., Lecanora laevata f. vitrea (Anzi) H. Magn., Lecanora laevata var. laevata (Ach.) Nyl., Lecanora laevata var. radians H. Magn., Lecanora lusca Nyl., Lecanora sylvatica (Arnold) Sandst., Sagedia laevata Ach., Urceolaria laevata (Ach.) Duby]
significant change since the previous checklist version (#22): syn. Lecanora cinerea var. laevata
[Lecanora lesleyana (Darb.) Paulson]
source: McCune et al. (2014b)
[Aspicilia bennettii (Lynge) J.W. Thomson, Lecanora mashiginensis Zahlbr., Oxneriaria mashiginensis (Zahlbr.) S.Y. Kondr. & Lőkös]
[Lecanora basaltica Lynge, Lecanora narssaquensis Lynge]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Lecanora nikrapensis (Darb.) Zahlbr.]
[Lecanora novae-semliae Zahlbr.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Lecanora olivaceopallida H. Magn.]
source: Lendemer et al. (2013)
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007), Knudsen et al. (2008b)
[Lecanora peltastictoides Hasse]
source: Knudsen & Kocourková (2013)
[Lecanora pergibbosa H. Magn.]
[Lecanora perradiata Nyl.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007), Knudsen et al. (2008b)
[Lecanora plicigera Zahlbr.]
[Lecanora polychroma (Anzi) Nyl.]
[Lecanora praecrenata Nyl.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007), Knudsen et al. (2008b)
[Lecanora reptans Looman]
[Lecanora rolleana (Hue) Zahlbr.]
[Lecanora rosulata (Körb.) Stizenb.]
[Lecanora ryrkaipiae H. Magn.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007), Knudsen et al. (2008b)
[Lecanora sipeana H. Magn.]
source: Owe-Larsson et al. (2007)
[Lecanora sublapponica Zahlbr.]