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Family:
Verrucariaceae
[Dermatocarpon lithinum (Ach.) Arnold, more, Endocarpon fissum Leight., Endocarpon lithinum (Ach.) Leight., Polyblastia fissa (Taylor) Jatta, Polyblastia umbrina (Wahlenb.) Rostr., Polyblastia umbrina var. calcarea (Nyl.) Boistel, Polyblastia umbrina var. huei Boistel, Polyblastia umbrina var. umbrina (Wahlenb.) Rostr., Pyrenula lithina (Ach.) Ach., Sphaeromphale fissa (Taylor) Körb., Sphaeromphale umbrina (Wahlenb.) Mudd, Staurothele hazslinskyi (Körb.) Steiner, Staurothele umbrina (Wahlenb.) Tuck., Verrucaria fissa Taylor, Verrucaria lithina Ach., Verrucaria umbrina Wahlenb., Verrucaria umbrina var. monospora Nyl., Verrucaria umbrina var. umbrina Wahlenb.]
 Stephen Sharnoff |
Life habit: lichenized (mutualistic with algal photobionts) thallus: crustose (crustaceous) – episubstratal – unspecified thallus: continuous, diffuse, effuse | cracked, fissured, fractured, rimose | compartimentized – areolate, squamulate [th] upper surface: brown(ish) (if pale: fawn, tan; if mid: cinnamon) | brown(ish) black | black(ish) brown | green(ish) brown (olive brown) | red(dish) brown (if pale: orange brown) [th marginal and upper surface] specific structures: absent [th] morphol substructures (eg areoles, lobes, branches) upper surface: smooth, plane | uneven, undulate ascomata: absent | present ascoma: perithecial, perithecioid – hymenial ascoma [mm]: (min) 0.24 (low) 0.3 (high) 0.6 ascoma: immersed, innate | subsessile, subimmersed, adnate, semi-immersed, emergent [ascm, if apoth] margin surface; [if perith] periostiolar area, ostiole, involucrellum: black(ish) | brown(ish) black [ascm] paraphyses/-oids: absent asci: fissitunicate – verrucarialean [asc] tholus: thickened [asc] tholus amyloidity (iodine reaction): absent ascospores: (median) 2.0 [asp] shape: ellipsoidal | oblong, oblong-obtuse [asp] length [µm]: (min) 30.0 (low) 37.0(median) 42.9 (high) 48.5 (max) 55.0 [asp] width [µm]: (min) 13.0 (low) 16.0(median) 18.0 (high) 20.0 (max) 25.5 [asp] septa: present [asp] septa: muriformly septate – muriform, submuriform [asp] pigmentation: pale brown | medium brown, brownish | dark brown conidiomata: absent | present conidia: bacilliform, bacillar [co] length [µm]: (low) 3.0 (high) 4.0 secondary metabolites: absent primary photobiont: present secondary photobionts (eg in cephalodia): absent primary photobiont: chlorophytaceous – trebouxiaceous, chlorococcoid.
substrate: rock – siliceous, siliciferous, acidic | rock, stones, pebbles – unspecified.
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