Type. U.S.A. CALIFORNIA. [San Francisco Co.] San Francisco, s.d. H.N. Bolander s.n. (H‑NYL ‑ 28731!).
References. Noble (1978, 1982), Brodo et al. (2001 p. 646), Sheard & Mayrhofer (2002 Fig. 1), Sheard (2004).
Exsiccata. Brodo Lich. Can. Exs. 212 (CANL).
Description.Thallus thin, light grey to dark grey‑brown, composed of discrete, plane to convex areoles, to 0.50-0.80 mm wide, or thicker with contiguous areoles ca. 1.00 mm wide; surface uneven to verruciform, matt; margin usually indeterminate, sometimes determinate; prothallus dark, fimbriate when growing on rock; vegetative propagules absent. Apothecia broadly attached becoming narrowly attached, frequent, mostly not contiguous, to 1.00-1.60 mm in diam.; disc black, sometimes pruinose, plane, rarely becoming convex; thalline margin concolourous with thallus, (0.05-)0.10(-0.20) mm wide, entire or flexuose, persistent, or rarely with thin, limiting proper margin; excipular ring otherwise absent. Apothecial Anatomy. Thalline exciple 70-200 µm wide laterally; cortex 10-30 µm wide; epinecral layer sometimes present, ca. 10 µm thick; crystals present in cortex, absent in medulla; cortical cells to 4.0-7.0 µm wide, not pigmented; algal cells to 9.5-14.0 µm long; thalline exciple 100-180 µm below; cortex 15-75 µm, hyphae intricate to columnar, rarely I+ faint blue.; proper exciple hyaline or frequently pigmented light grey‑brown, 10-25 µm wide laterally, expanding to 15-35 µm at periphery; hypothecium hyaline, 40-135 µm deep; hymenium 80-115(-145) µm high, not inspersed; paraphyses 2.5-3.0 µm wide, not conglutinate, with apices to 3.5-6.0 µm wide, heavily pigmented forming a dark‑brown or reddish‑brown epihymenium; asci 70-85 x 17-27 µm. Ascospores 8/ascus, Type A development, Teichophila-type (Figure 25), (18.5-)22.5-24.0(-28.0) x (9.0-)11.0-12.0(-14.0) µm, average l/b ratio 2.0-2.1, sometimes inflated at septum, more so in KOH; lumina Physcia-, to Mischoblastia-like during development, becoming rounded (Pachysporaria-like), retaining thick apical walls; torus absent; walls lightly to prominently ornamented in oldest spores. Pycnidia immersed in thallus, ostioles dark brown, 0.5-1.0 mm in diam.; conidia bacilliform, 4.0-5.0 x 1.0 µm;
Chemistry. Spot tests, K+ yellow, C - , KC - , P+ yellow; secondary metabolites, atranorin in cortex, zeorin in medulla.
Substrate and Ecology. The species occurs on soil, decaying vegetation over soil, the bark of coniferous and deciduous trees, wood, on moss over rocks, on shale, sandstone and igneous rocks. It has been recorded once on Pseudotsuga macrocarpa and is frequent on Quercus species including Q. agrifolia, Q. dumosa, Q. garryana, Q. pacifica. It has also collected on Aesculus, Juniperusosteosperma and Rhus integrifolia, and has been found accompanied by R. herrei and R. santae-monicae. It occurs from sea level to 1,400 m on Juniperus and at 1,675 m on granite.
Distribution. A North American endemic belonging primarily to the Californian floristic element. It is found in the Coastal Ranges of Baja California and California, with a northern outlier population near sea level in the Straits of Georgia region of British Columbia and Washington state. The specimen mapped for the Sierra Nevada by Sheard (2004) probably belongs to R. confragosa. Rinodina bolanderi is the first of four species with a Californian type of distribution (together with R. californiensis, R. herrei and R. santae-monicae) that have a northern range extension into the Straits of Georgia region (Glew and Tønsberg 2000).
Notes. Rinodina bolanderi has a very wide range of thallus morphology which must be attributed, at least in part, to the wide range of substrates it occupies. The species sometimes bears a superficial resemblance to R. confragosa but with larger apothecia and also to R. macrospora, both of which have Physcia-type spores. All three species are characterized by the presence of atranorin and an expanded lower cortex in the apothecial margin, although the latter is not a consistent feature of R. bolanderi. The spores of R. bolanderi are intermediate in size between those of R. confragosa and R. macrospora. They may sometimes possess a pigmented band around the septum, but this cannot be resolved as a torus. The apothecial disc of R. bolanderi may be pruinose and this character may vary in different parts of a single collection.
The species was compared by Magnusson to R. mniaraea var. mniaraeiza which also possesses atranorin but, as with the type variety, has Physcia‑type spores. Specimens of R. bolanderi, labeled R. succedens and R. sophodes, collected by Howe and Hasse (NY), respectively, are the partial basis for reports of these species in Hasse (1913).
Specimens examined. CANADA. BRITISH COLUMBIA. Galiano Island, W.J. Noble 1005 (UBC); Georgina Point, Mayne Island, W.J. Noble 1761 (SASK); Metchosin, W.J. Noble 4243B; Mount Norman, Pender Island, W.J. Noble 215; Tinson Point, Gabriola Island, W.J. Noble 2838; Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, W.J. Noble 7202, 7288 (all UBC); T. Tønsberg 12503 (BG). MEXICO. BAJA CALIFORNIA NORTE. 75 mi S Tijuana, 1962, A.J. Sharp (WIS); 2 km S Colonet, C.M. Wetmore 63653 (MIN); 23 km S Colonet, 1987, T.H. Nash (GZU); 6 km W San Quentin, T.H. Nash 34067 (ASU); Punta Santo Tomas, C.M. Wetmore 63480 (MIN); R.S. Egan 13708 (MIN); T.H. Nash 26064, 38222; B.D. Ryan 21388; 3 mi N El Rosario, T.H. Nash 4671 (all ASU); Bahia San Quintin, W.A. Weber 43081 (COLO); Cerro Kentin, B.D. Ryan 21309 (ASU); Cerro Kenton, H. Mayrhofer 10425 (GZU); El Roasarito, I.L. Wiggins 16183; Guadalupe Island, T.H. Nash 38549; Isla Cedros, T.H. Nash 34310, 34423 (all ASU). U.S.A. CALIFORNIA. 1865, 1871, H.N. Bolander (FH); Alameda Co., Berkeley, 1893, M.A. Howe (NY); Oakland Hills, H.N. Bolander 202; Los Angeles Co., Evey Canyon, J.M. Johnston 3081 (both FH); San Clemente Island, R.E. Riefner 89115 (IRVC); C.C. Bratt 9883, 10141 (SBBG); J. Redman 3094 (ASU); W.A. Weber 42891, 42903 (COLO); San Gabriel Mountains, 1895, 1896, 1902, H.E. Hasse (FH); Santa Catalina Island, C.C. Bratt 11711 (SBBG); C.M. Wetmore 73331, 73358 (MIN); T.H. Nash 32108 (ASU); W.A. Weber 42713, 42722, 42739 (COLO); Santa Monica, 1915, H.E. Hasse (FH); Santa Monica Mountains, 1909, H.E. Hasse (ABSL, FH); 1914, H.E. Hasse; Sullivan's Canyon, 1913, H.E. Hasse (both FH); Marin Co., Dillon Beach, S.C. Tucker 11038B (SBBG); Point Reyes, H.A. Imshaug 17691 (MSC); I.M. Brodo 20478, 20479 (CANL); Mendocino Co., Little River, H.N. Bolander 365 (FH); Merced Co., 20 mi NNE Hollister, B.D. Ryan 26663, 26756 (ASU); Monterey Co., Monterey, W.G. Farson 42 (FH); Point Lobos, W.A. Weber 8258, 8261 (COLO); P. van den Boom 29000, 29011 (personal herb.); Orange Co., Modjeska Peak, R.E. Riefner 88191 (IRVC); Silverado Canyon, W.A. Weber 42681 (COLO); San Benito Co., Pinnacles Nat. Mon., T.H. Nash 18981 (ASU); Santa Clara Co., Los Gatos, 1904, A.C. Herre (FH); San Diego Co., Barona Ranch, P. van den Boom 25214 (personal herb.); Ocotillo, T.H. Nash 8345 (ASU); Point Loma, R.E. Riefner 9124 (IRVC); Sweet Water River, R.E. Riefner 9173 (IRVC); San Francisco Co., Lands End, 1970, 1974, L. Sigal (ASU); Mission Dolores, 1865, H.N. Bolander (US); San Luis Obispo Co., 12 mi E Lake Lopez, C.C. Bratt 8733 (SBBG); Los Osos Reserve, L. Ross 168 (ASU); Montana de Oro, R.E. Riefner 87-409, 88-164 (IRVC); P. van den Boom 29152 (personal herb.); Morro Bay, 1990, R.E. Riefner, 90‑21 (IRVC, WIS); Morro Rock Reserve, R.E. Riefner 87-483; Morro State Park, R.E. Riefner 90-60 (both IRVC); N Diablo, T.H. Nash 36983 (ASU); Paso Robles, I. Tavares 1382 (UC); San Mateo Co., 11 mi S Pescadero, S. Shushan 14704 (COLO); San Bruno, H.N. Bolander (FH); Searsville, H.N. Bolander (US); Searsville Lake, J.W. Thomson 4794, 4799 (WIS); Santa Barbara Co., 11 km WNW Buellton, L. Ross 403 (ASU); San Miguel Island, T.H. Nash 41417 (ASU); C.M. Wetmore 74128, 74133, 74158 (MIN); 1994, S. Sharnoff (CANL); J.W. Sheard 5130a (SASK); T.H. Nash 32517 (ASU); Santa Rosa Island, 1994, J.W. Sheard 5040, 5044c, 5045, 5049a (SASK); C.M. Wetmore 73516, 73848 (MIN); B.D. Ryan 31169, 31249, 31250b, 31302c; T.H. Nash 32630 (all ASU); Santa Clara Co., Palo Alto, C.F. Baker 1570 (US); Sonoma Co., 2 mi N Fort Ross, R.E. Riefner 88-79 (CANL); Cloverdale, 1865, H.N. Bolander (US); Ventura Co., W Anacapa Island, C.C. Bratt 9201 (SBBG); Decker Canyon Road, H.D. Thiers 33610 (CANL). OREGON. Douglas Co., The Dell, B. McCune 28069 (personal herb.). WASHINGTON. Island Co., Whidbey Island, I.M. Brodo 13157 (CANL).
Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bungartz, F., (eds.) 2004. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2.
Thallus: crustose, thin, composed of discrete, plane to convex areoles, up to 0.5-0.8 mm wide, or thicker with contiguous areoles up to c. 1 mm wide, uneven to verruciform surface: light gray to dark gray-brown, dull; margin: usually indeterminate, sometimes determinate; prothallus: dark, fimbriate when growing on rock; vegetative propagules: absent Apothecia: broadly attached becoming sessile, frequent, mostly not contiguous, up to 1-1.6 mm in diam. disc: black, sometimes pruinose, plane, rarely becoming convex thalline margin: concolorous with thallus, (0.05)0.1(-0.2) mm wide, entire or flexuose, persistent, or rarely with thin, limiting proper margin; excipular ring: otherwise absent thalline exciple: 70-200 µm wide laterally; cortex: 10-30 µm wide; epinecral layer: sometimes present, c. 10 µm thick; cortical cells: 4-7 µm wide, not pigmented; algal cells: up to 9.5-14 µm in diam.; thalline exciple: 100-180 µm thick below; cortex: 15-75 µm, hyphae intricate to columnar proper exciple: hyaline or frequently pigmented light gray-brown, 10-25 µm wide laterally, expanding to 15-35 µm at periphery hymenium: 80-115(-145) µm tall; paraphyses: 2.5-3 µm wide, not conglutinate, with apices up to 3.5-6 µm wide, heavily pigmented forming a dark-brown or reddish-brown epihymenium; hypothecium: hyaline, 40-135 µm thick asci: clavate, 70-85 x 17-27 µm, 8-spored ascospores: brown, 1-septate, ellipsoid, type A development, Teichophila-type, (18.5-)22.5-24(-28) x (9)11-12(-14) µm, sometimes inflated at septum, more so in K; lumina Physcia-, to Mischoblastia-like during development, becoming rounded (Pachysporaria-like), retaining thick apical walls; torus: absent; walls: ornamented, light to prominent in oldest spores Pycnidia: immersed in thallus, ostioles dark brown, 0.5-1 mm in diam. conidia: bacilliform, 4-5 x c. 1 µm Spot tests: K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow Secondary metabolites: atranorin in cortex, zeorin in medulla. Substrate and ecology: on soil, decaying vegetation over soil, bark of coniferous and deciduous trees, wood, mosses over rocks, including shale, sandstone and igneous ones World distribution: a North American endemic belonging to the Californian floristic element along the Pacific coast from sea level to 1175 m in the coastal ranges of Baja California and California, with a northern outlier population near sea level in the Straits of Georgia region of British Columbia and Washington; rarely in the Cascades and Sierra Nevada Sonoran distribution: southern California to Isla Cedros, Baja California. Notes: Rinodina bolanderi has a very wide range of thallus morphology that must be attributed, at least in part, to the wide range of substrates it occupies. Rinodina bolanderi sometimes bears a superficial resemblance to R. confragosa with large apothecia but differs in possessing larger spores that belong to the Teichophila-, rather than the Physcia-type. The apothecia of R. bolanderi may be pruinose and this character may vary in different parts of a single collection. Specimens of R. bolanderi, labeled R. succedens and R. sophodes, collected by Howe and Hasse (NY), respectively, are the partial basis for reports of these species in Hasse (1913). Rinodina bolanderi is the first of four species with a Californian type of distribution that have a northern range extension into the Straits of Georgia region (Glew and Tønsberg 2000).